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Full text of "The Canadian Railroader Weekly. Vol. 2 No. 25: June 19, 1920"

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GOVERNMENT BY INJUNCTION 
VIEWED FROM A LEGAL STANDPOINT 

THE DEEP, DARK SILENCE OF 
CANADIAN FARMERS 


OFFICIAL ORGAN, 
FIFTH SUNDAY 
MEETING ASSOCIATION 
OF CANADA 


MONTREAL, JUNE 19th, 192Q 
Vol. 2, No. 25 

5 Cents «. opy, $2.00 a year 


L 



/ age 2 


THE CANADIAN RAILROADER 


June 19th, 1920 


Presidency on the 

Auction Block 


( Dearborn 1 ndependen t ) 

T HE dollar hunt is on. The can- 
didates will pass in through the 
door on the right, with their cheque 
books ready to open in their hands. 
The American people are on the verge 
of discovering whether the Presidency 
is a bargain sale, a horse auction, a 
seat on some international political 
and financial exchange .which may be 
purchased by the highest bidder, or 
whether it is still the Gift Of The 
People. 

The people are plainly puzzled by 
the large number of candidates and 
the dearth of genuine presidential 
timber. For that reason the state 
primaries lose half their indicative 
value. The people go to the primaries 
and if they vote at all they find three 
of four, or even half a dozen, names 
of men and women whom they never 
thought of as sitting in Lincoln ’s 
chair, and they must make their choice 
between them. By a simple method 
of voting for the one whose picture 
they have seen oftenest or the one of 
whom they have heard longest, or by 
the simpler method of voting for the 
one who they have been told has the 
least money, the primary returns are 
made up. Every voter comes away 
confessing that, though he has mark- 
ed a cross against a candidate’s 
namt, he has not yet heard the Voice 
of the next President. 


All that the lavish expenditure of 
money has purchased in this country 
is just that sort of a primary. And 
now it appears that even this kind of 
a primary costs so much as virtually 
to shut out the man who has not spent 
the major' part of his life making 
money. There comes before the Con- 
gressional committee the spokesman of 
one of the candidates, by no means 
the most impressive one either, and 
admits the expenditure of $404,081, 
of which more than $371,175 was cou 
tributed by the candidate himself. It 
is not charged anywhere that this 
money was used to “buy” anything 
in the reprehensible sense, but that it 
cost this man that sum to make his 
modest announcement. Previous to 
this costly announcement he was not 
widely known beyond his own state. 
There was no national call for him to 
present himself for election. He just 
“ran.” Men are doing that with the 
Presidency in somewhat the same way 
they would make a bid and a deposit 
for a big contract. 

A defender of this system, engaged j 
to defend an election case which later j 
found its way into the courts,, has j 
made a plea for “the equality of dol 
lars. ’ ’ Since all the men who seek 
the higher offices seem to be men who ; 
possess or can command money, let 
them go the pace as far and as fast ' 
as they like, for one man’s dollar is as 
good as another’s. So it would be, 
in a competition for the things which 
are measured in dollars — but it is the j 
Presidency of the United St/tes that 
is in question. Good Heavei^! — have}; 
we fallen so low as to have brought j 
the Presidency down to the level of « ‘ 


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seat on the stock exchange or a villa 
at Newport? Have w T e arrived at a 
time in our history when the higher 
regions of national politics are to be 
considered the private hunting pre- 
serve of the very rich? Is there no 
place anywhere that the blatancy of 
dollars may be hushed in respect to 
something greater than dollars? 

There is no disgrace in being hon- 
estly wealthy. There is no disgrace 
in being successful. There is no dis- 
grace in having friends who are will- 
ing to spend their own money in your 
behalf. That is not the point at all. 
But there is something not only dis- 
graceful but positively menacing in 
the fact that the Presidency of the 
United States is being dragged off in 
the direction of. the auction block. 
Why, if a professor bought or even 
campaigned with money for his elec- 
tion to the presidency of his univer- 
sity, if a priest used money however 
legitimately to secure his elevation to 
the bishopric, all our moral sensibili- 
ties would feel the shock of an alien 
spirit, destructive in its tendency and 
power. It is the same way with the 
Presidency of the Nation. It is in a 
peculiar sense a High Priest’s place; 
it has always been held so by the men 
whose characters and services have 
kept the office white; and it must 
remain so. Better four years without 
a President, than by the exigency of 
an election seat a candidate whom 
neither the Office nor the People 
sought. 


:o: 

A new union was born under the 
flag of the Federation this week — 
the imion of tunnelers and construc- 
tors of reservoirs in wood. 


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June 19th, 1920 


THE CANADIAN RAILROADER 


Page 


ute Stemrra' Hall nf #ilpun» 


(By GEORGE PIERUE.) 

W HEN the political advisers of that most astute monarch. 
Louis the Eleventh, found themselves in an obnoxious di- 
lemna concerning a matter of reform, they called upon 
the monarch and elaborately explained their fears if the pro- 
gressives of that day were successful in attaining their ends. The 
monarch meditated in silence and then chanted solemnly: 4 'Pro- 
mise them everything that they ask for, and give them as little 
as they will take.” This principle seems to be the order of the 
day in Ottawa. The politicians have their ears to the ground for 
all refrains that have their origin “way down on the farm.” 
Whatever the farmer happen to ask for is promised him, if not 
by his own party leaders, then by the members of the old parties 
who are tremulously awaiting the first shocks of political battle 
from afar. He wanders like the ghost in the musty books and 
gloomy archives in solemn and crumbling casries in rcrrfote and 
shadowy lands. The farmer’s ghost flits through *he halls of 
parliament disturbing the slumbers of the men who are freight- 
ed with the solemn burdens of office. 

The generally accepted panacea is, “Promise them every- 
thing they ask for and give as little as they will take”, 
but there is a difficulty which challenges the success of apply- 
ing the maxim. It is this. The farmer who will take six dol- 
lars a bag for his potatoes, may, possibly, allow the parliament 
buildings to remain where they stand, but he is also certain to 
take the breath of any politician flirtatiously inclined. 

No one realizes better than ourselves the stern immobility 
of the farmer group. Nine months ago, hundreds of resolu- 
tions signed by the trades unions, clearly informed the agri- 
cultural groups that hundreds of thousands of trade unionists 
were not in sympathy with the free trade movement on the one 
hand, or monopolistic tariffs on the other. The middle course 
of a Tariff Board advocating scientific tariff investigation was 
endorsed as a substitute. 

Silence, impenetrable silence was the answer from the farm- 
er group. 

Later we discovered that the farmers in the United States 
were the principle agitators for a Tariff Board in that country, 
and we politely asked the Canadian farmer, through his or- 
ganization, to explain the unaccountable attitude of the Canadian 
farmer. 

Silence — and the silence deepened until it became thick 
like the ancient silence of Egypt. 

Then we printed the testimony of the farmers of the Unit- 
ed States who prayed upon bended knee for a Tariff Board and 
we asked for the interpretation of these striking passages by 
the Canadian farmers. 

Again silence. A short, cold and terribly severe silence. 
George Elliot says: “Blessed is the man, who, having noth- 
fng to say, abstains from giving wordy evidence of the fact.” 
It has been said that a distinguished general could hold his 
tongue in ten languages. But the silence of a farmer official 
when confronted with a vexatious issue is one of monumental 
eloquence and eestactic bliss which would extinguish the stars. 

At considerable length, we explained the effect of politic- 
al tariff battles in the lives of the workers. We demonstrated 
that through the Tariff Board great suffering could be spared 
to the worker. We earnestly advocated that a farmer repre- 
sentative be placed upon the Board to ensure proper represen- 
tation and protection to the farmer group, but the farmer co- 
lossus exuded silence. Not a lip auivered, not a leaf rustled, 
not a chicken crowed, not a pump handle squealed, not even a 
dog barked way down on the farm. 

However, we are not in despair. There must be some way 
of penetrating the great silence. There must be some means 
of learning why the farmer is opposed to a Tariff Board. Some 
wags have said that a man’s profundity may keep him from 
opening on the first interview and caution might he responsible 
for discretion in the second interview, but that it was perfectly 
permissible to suspect emptiness as a defence if the reserve was 
I carried to a third occasion. For ourselves, we shall not reach 
I this conclusion until our thirty-third trial. For the present 


we are content to believe that silence is a very safe course for 
any man who distrusts himself. Meanwhile, with our custom- 
ary temerity, we still cherish the fond ambition that in some 
way, as yet undiscovered, we shall at least be able to provoke 
a giggle from the massive farmer sphinx. __ __ 


THE CLOSED SHOP 


By SAMUEL GOMPERS 

The principle of the so-called 
“closed” shop is accepted in every-’ 
day business life; why may not an 
organization of workingmen simi- 
larly make a bargain with an or- 
ganization of employers? 

The dealer will agree with the ma- 
nufacturer to handle only a certain 
kind of goods. This is considered 
perfectly legitimate. Why does it 
seem unconstitutional when precise- 
ly the same bargain is entered into 
between the employer and his em , 
ployees? The labor union says to 
the employer: “We will agree to fur- 
nish you with competent men at so 
much per day. We can control the 
men in our organization. They will 
abide by the contract we shall make. 
We cannot control the men who are 
outside of our organization, so we I 
ask you to employ only our men, thus 
making your shop a union shop. 
If these outside men will agree to i 
make the same contract with you 
that we have made, we shall be glad 
to have them into our organization, 
thus giving them the same privilege ; 
that we enjoy. 

The average employer who fights 
so strenuously for the “God given 
right” of the non-union working- 
man to exercise his privilege of re- 
maining out of the union if he so de- 
sires, declaring that* shop must be an I 
“open shop” for free men, will 
usually debar the man who exercis- 
ed the same God given right by be- ] 
coming a member of the trades union, 
so that practically his boasted “open | 
shop” is closed to the unionist. 
:o: 

The degree of public sympathy with 
organized Labor was shown by the 
acclamations of the crowd at LoewV 
theatre Monday night when Samuel 
Gompers, the grand old man of Labor j 
took his seat in a box. 


* # * 

Secretary Frank Morrison of the 
American Federation of Labor was 
made an Iroquois chief at Caughna- 
waga last Sunday. 

* *c- * 

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Page 4 


THE CANADIAN RAILROADER 


June 19th, 1920 



To Save Germany From Falling to Pieces, Famous 
Editor Says, Allies Must Cease Punishing Her as 
Enemy and Deal With Her as Debtor 

This is one of a sci'ics of articles in Outside, the storm beats on the hapless 
the New York World dealing with pre- I vessel. There is no power of resistan- 
seiit-day conditions within the German ce within and no visible hope of help 
Republic . It is entitled to considera- j from without. The vessel is doomed 
turn because it represents the observa- 1 unless the waters subside and the work 
lions and conclusions of one of Brit- of rescue begins. 

ain •» foremost journalists, A. G. Gar - r „ a word> the issue ht Spa is whet 

diner , for many years editor of the im 
port ant Liberal daily, the London Daily 
News. In his survey of Germany , from 
which he has just returned, Mr. Gar- j 
diner enjoyed the exceptional advant- 
age of discussing the problems of the 
new repub 1 ic with her most influential 
statesmen. 

By A. G. Gardiner. 

Berlin, May 10. j 

During the last fortnight I have j 
been engaged in an attempt to find j 
the truth about the condition of Ger- ; 
many, social, economical and political, 

I have talked with all sorts and con 
ditions of men and women, from the 
Chancellor, Herr Mueller; the Foreign 
Secretary, Herr Koester ; Herr Rathe- j 
nau, Herr Dernburg; Lord Kilmarnock, 
the British Charge d ’Affaires ; Gen. 

Malcolm, the head of the British Mili- 
tary Mission in Berlin; Prince Lich 
nowsky, Prof. Delbrueek, M. Angue- 
nin, the French economic representa- 
tive; the organizers of the American 
Relief Mission and the English and 
American Friends ’ Relief Missions,! 
to the people in their homes, the cab- 1 
men, the waiters, teachers, party lead- 
ers, tradesmen, university students, 
bankers, journalists and doctors. The 
detailed conclusions that emerge from 
these inquiries and from contact with 
the life of the people in all its main 
phases must be reserved for subsequent 
articles. The immediate task is to 
try to state the bearing of those con- 
clusions upon the issues of the Spa 
Conference. 

In its external aspects and on a sur- 
face view of things, Germany to-day 
might be said to show relatively little 
evidence of the convulsion through 
which she has passed. The machine 
of life still functions. The ingrained 
discipline of the people has survived, 
the shock. There is the appearance 
of plenty in the hotel life of the 
cities, the theatres are full, and the 
Sunday crowds in the streets and the 
pleasure gardens are cheerful and ( 
comfortably dressed. But when one 
penetrates behind this facade to the 
realities, the falsity of the- exterior 
impression becomes apparent. In the 
light of those realities Germany givo3 
the impression of an enormous wreck 
that is drifting helplessly on the 
waters, without direction or control. 

All is confusion, despair and misery 
aboard. The' Captain, having brought 
the ship to disaster, has fled ; the crew 
is in mutiny, the grip of the extem- 
porized Government is so feeble that 
it represents only the shadow of 
power; the people, stunned by the 
enormous catastrophe that has befall- 
en them, hungry, disillusionel, leader 
less, are like a flock of sheep in panic. 


do either, but we cannot do both. We 
can destroy her, in which case we shall 
get nothing, or we can help her to live, 
to work and to pay. 

Assuming that the desire is that 
Germany should be kept as a going 
concern, the policy that should be in- 
itiated at Spa is clear. The first es- 
sential is a change of spirit. The 
war must be ended. It is still going 
on. It is impossible to live here with- 
out feeling that you are in the midst 
of a beleaguered people. The nation 
is still living and dying on half rations 


A. G Gardiner. 


her Germany is to be kept as a going 
concern or is to fall to pieces irretriev 
ably. There is still time to save her 
if there is disposition to save her; but 
the sands are running out. If Spa 
does not stop the process of internal 
dissolution Germany will be a corpse 
that will poison the world. Unless 
this certainty governs the attitude of 
th£ Allies at Spa, the conference will 
fail. The choice is between continuing 
to punish Germany as an enemy or 
dealing with her as a debtor. We can 


of often unspeakable food; it is still 
enveloped by enemies, still cut off 
from. free and equal intercourse with 
the world, still kept on the rack, not 
knowing from what quarter the next 
blow will fall. The ostracism of the 
nation is almost as complete to-day 
as it was in the days of the war. There 
an* a score of English and American 
newspaper correspondents living here 
and living well (for you can get 
plenty of food in the great hotels), 
but not a single German correspondent 


has vet- been admitted to England. 
One passport which had been granted 
has, T hear, now been cancelled. Ger- 
many ’s prison door still opens only 
from without. The war has been no 
minally over for more than a year 
and a half, but for the German people 
it is still raging in all the terms of 
hunger, isolation and revenge. No 
people can continue to survive in these 
appalling conditions of physical and 
mental strain. If Germany is to live 
and pay its debts, it must have hope. 
To-day it is a nightmare of despair. 

It follows that if the Spa Conferen- 
ce is to open a new era it must meet 
to negotiate and not to dictate. If it 
is simply a repetition of Versailles, it 
will be worse than useless. It will 
make government impossible, for no 
Government can live in this chaos 
without some measure of visible suc- 
cess and some evidence of support 
from the outside world. The present 
Government is weak enough, but it 
represents the only combination that 
can keep Germany internally on its 
feet. It stands between the reaction- 
aries and the revolutionaries, and if 
it goes down the two extremes will 
come into violent collision and com- 
plete the devastation of Germany. 

As the result of a careful inquiry 
as to what the conference could do to 
redeem a desperate situation and keep 
some semblance of ordered govern- 
ment in being, I am disposed to put 
Credits for food and raw materials 
first. I put them first because it is 
only through these things that new 
heart and new hope can be put into 
the people. They have been starving 
since 1916. They are starving still. 
There is nothing that would so im- 
mediately convince them that the 
shadow was passing away and that 
there was something to live for as 
sufficient food and the means of get 
tiug it. About their eagerness :o 
work there can be no doubt. It is 
generally agreed that no belligerent 
people has settled down to work so 
industriously since the war or shown 
so high a power of production as the 
German people. This is specially re- 
vealed in the output of the coal mines. 
But the general industry of the coun- 
try is still paralyzed, for with the 
German shilling worth little more 
than an English penny, raw material 
is unobtainable. Industries, like that 
of cotton, wholly dependent on foreign 
resources, are, of course, dead. They 
cannot be revived on the old ^terms of 
buying and selling. The only means 
by which they can be set going again 
is some system by which external ca- 
pital supplies them with material from 
without, receives the manufacture! 
i product and allows for labor and the 
manufacturer’s profit. Until the cx 
changes find some new level there can 
be no approximation to the ordinary 
conditions of production in industries 
which are not fed by home supplies. 

But while food and raw material are 
the most immediate necessity and the 
quickest way of lifting the cloud of 
despair from the nation, they are only 
superficial remedies. Spa must cut 
much deeper than this to the root of 
the disease that is destroying Ger- 
many. That root is the indemnity. 
8ix months have passed since the pub- 
lication of Mr. Maynard Keynes’s 



June 19th, 1920 


THE CANADIAN RAILROADER 


Page 5 


book on the economic meaning of the 
peace conditions. It is unanswered 
and unanswerable. By universal con- 
sent it showed that the terms laid 
down at Versailles were mere paper 
terms that had no relation to econo 
mic facts or possibilities. They laid 
on Germany a burden which she could 
not carry and under which she could 
never rise. 

That was not the worst. Beyond 
the stated burden they set up an in- 
determinate claim that denied her the 
hope of ever recovering her economic 
freedom. The more she worked the 
more her debt increased. She was a 
debtor who could never* clear off her 
indebtedness. She was doomed to 
permanent economic servitude. Such 
a condition ignored not only economic 
facts but elementary human considera- 
tions. No bankrupt can work without 
hope of becoming solvent. Give a 
bankrupt a reasonable goal to aim at 
and reasonable conditions for attain- 
ing it and he will set himself to the 
task with a will. But give him an 
ever receding and unattainable goal 
and he will collapse in despair. The 
unlimited indemnity hangs over Ger- 
many like a blight. It saps all in- 
itiative. It destroys all enterprise. 
It takes away all incentive to effort. 
Of all the phases of the catastrophe 
of Paris it was the most gratuitous 
and fatal, for it destroyed the will 
to work and therefore the capacity to 
pay. It must go before the driving 
power of hope can be put Into the ma- 
chine of German industry. 

And in addition to dispersing this 
shadow the Spa Conference must face 
the real -facts of Germany and make 
the limited indemnity conform to the 
actual and potential possibilities of 
the bankrupt. It is an axiom that 
you can get more out of a willing 
debtor than out of an unwilling. If 
Germany is given the prospect of 
ultimately clearing away her mountain 
of indebtedness, and if she has the 
assurance that her economic destruc- 
tion is not a part of the Allied policy, 
she will work and she will pay. But 
we cannot have both her destruction 
and her money. Carthage was wiped 
out, but she did not pay indemnities 
from the ruins. 

And in connection with the indem- 
nity there should be economy from 
the* Allied side. No single fact creates 
more bitter feeling here than the en- 
ormous waste in connection with the 
occupation. It is costing Germany 
three milliards of marks a year. One 
of the highest officials of the Govern- 
ment said to me, a little sorrowfully, 
that his income was just the same a.-* 
that which the American private had 
received in the occupied territory. The 
private received 24,000 marks, a Sar- 
geant. 36,000 and a Colonel 360,000 
marks. Apart from such indefensible 
incidents as the occupation of the 
right bank of the Rhine, there is no 
excuse for the present magnitude of 
the occupation. The cost could be 
well cut down to a milliard marks, 
leaving two milliard to go toward the 
indemnity. I venture to say that the 
‘ i occupation ” of Berlin by Gen. Mal- 
colm and his modest British Military 
Mission is as effective as and far more 
beneficial in results than the occupa- 
tion of the cities of the Rhinelands by 


great armies, black and white. And 
the cost is a fleabite in comparison. 

There is a third practical question 
bearing on the capacity of Germany 
to pay that should engage attention 
at Spa. It is that of shipping. With 
the loss of her mercantile marine 
everything from overseas has to come 
into Germany in foreign bottoms at 
foreign rates and everything that is 
exported has to go out at foreign 
rates. This would not be a fatal 
handicap if the mark were worth a 
shilling. But with the value of the 
mark at little more than a penny it is 
an impossible handicap. It means 
that every cargo of wheat or com- 
modities that comes into Hamburg and 
every cargo of exports that goes out 
pays more than ten times the cost of 
freight. A freight of $24.00 in English 
money becomes a freight of $240,00 in 
German money. Add this to the cost 
of material bought on the same terms 
and it will be seen that Germany in 
these circumstances can neither buy 
nor sell. And if she can neither buy 
nor sell she cannot work and cannot 
pay. There ‘must be some accommo- 
dation on the question of shipping 
that will tide her over the present 
ruinous exchange. She must have 
enough tonnage to enable her to fetch 
and carry her own requirements and 
her own products at German freight 
rates instead of English, Dutch or 
American freight rates. This is a 
matter in which England can take the 
Jead. 

I must lepve for a later article the 
question of the German Army. It is 
an extremely difficult and complicate l 
subject that the Allies will do well to 
approach with great caution. It is 
less an external question than an in- 
ternal one. German militarism as an 
international menace is the deadest 
thing in this country. But as an eco- 
nomic and political force within the 
country it is one of the most living 
issues, and quite the most difficult to 
come to a wise judgment about. It 
can be left. For the moment it is 
enough to insist on the need of the 
Spa Conference striking a new note 
in this distracted world. It must 
mark the end of the war and the be- 
ginning of real peace conditions. 
Germany must leave the dock and be 
brought into council to help to save 
Europe and its civilization. For it is 
not only Germany that is drifting *o 
ruin. If she goes down Europe will 
go down with her. 


Profiting by the opportunity while 
delegates to the American Federation 
of Labor, James Golden, president, 
accompanied by Thomas McMahon, 
vice-president, and Miss Sarah Comby, 
general secretary, of the International 
Union of Textile Workers, have been 
paying visits to the local unions. 

* * * 

Railroaders of Belleville, belonging 
to the various organizations, and in- 
cluding the ladies’ auxiliary, attended 
a memorial service last Sunday con- 
ducted by the Rev. A. S. Kerr in 
! honor of the members who gave their 
lives during the war and of those who 
died during the year from sickness or 
accident. 


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Page 6 


THE CANADIAN RAILROADER 


Objections to Teachers Joining 

the Union Movement 


Answered in address here by Mr. L. V. Lampson, Vice- 
President and Field Secretary, American 
Federation of Teachers. 


A WAG said last week that the American Federation of Labor 
convention was holding its public meetings in the St. Denis 
Theatre and its private meetings in the Railroader office 
Certainly quite a small army of delegates dropped into see us and 
talk things over, and it was all very interesting, enlightening and 
hopeful. 

One of the visitors was Mr. L. V. Lampson, Vice-President and 
Field Secretary of the American Federation of Teachers, which is 
one of the novelties of the organized labor movement but already 
has 180 locals in existence, including locals in five universities and 
a number of normal schools. 

Mr. Lampson gave an address before the Kiwanis Club on 
Thursday, die made a surrey of the miserable wages paid to 
teachers in the Pnited States and Canada, and dealt with a numbei 
of objections raised against unionization of teachers. The follow- 
ing were amongst the points he made : — 

filiate with organized labor. Those 
who raise this objection place them- 
selves in the position of maintain- 
ing that labor is undignified. Union 
teachers feel that taking the coun- 
try as a whole the teachers have 
very little dignity to lose. No group 
of people have real dignity in the 
real sense who are unable to protect 


There are certain objections to the | 
union movement which teachers have 
to consider and settle to their satis- 
faction before joining the American j 
Federation of Teachers. In deter- 
mining the validity of these objec- 
tions they should give consideration 
to the viewpoint of those teachers j 
who are within the ranks of the or- 
ganization. 

Truth may be said to be absolute; 
interpretation of truth relative. If 
one stands on the outside of a circle 
and looks at a given segment, it de- 
scribes to him an arc of a particular 
character. If ho stands on the in- 
side of the circle and looks at the 
same segment, it describes to him an 
arc of a different character. He best 
interprets truth who gets the other 
person’s viewpoint, who gets a com- 
posite interpretation of the facts in 
a given case. 

One objection to the union move- 
ment is that teachers belong to a 
profession and therefore should not 
affiliate with organized labor. 
Union teachers feel that they are 
employees and can therefore proper- 
ly affiliate upon this economic basis, 
if upon no other, with the other em- 
ployed people of the country. In 
view of the pitiable compensation of 
the teachers and their lack of voice i 
in determining matters of education- 
al concern, they do not belong to a 
calling in which the conditions of a 
real profession exist. They are, in 
fact, subject to economic oppression, 
and in many parts of the country 
to a form of intellectual repression. 
It is our belief that teachers can be 
emancipated from these conditions 
only through the medium of a na- 
tion-wide business, protective, and 
professional organization of the 
teachers themselves, backed up and 
supported by the millions of organ- 
ized labor. 

A second objection is that it would 
be undignified for teachers to af- 


themselves. Of all people, those 
least able to protect themselves are 
the teachers of the country. The 
facts are that we have not been ac- 
corded that respect whether measur- 
ed in terms of money or public re- 
gard to which the character and va- 
lue of our services justly entitle us. 

A third objection is the strike. It 
should be realized that the American 
Federation of Labor grants to the 
American Federation of Teachers a 
charter of complete autonomy, which 
means that we have control over oui 
policies and affairs. No teachers 
union can be called out on a strike 
sympathetic or otherwise, by any 
labor organization. We are guaran- 
teed in the constitution of the A. F. 
L. freedom from such interference. 

There have been no strikes among 
union teachers. There have been a 
considerable number of strikes 
among non-union teachers in the 
United States and Canada. Those 
who condemn the union movement 
among teachers for the supposed 
use of the strike must necessarily 
commend us for our non-strike pol- 
icy. We resort to publicity, organ- 
ization and political action as the 
means of getting results. 

A fourth objection is that by rea- 
son of the affiliation we are subject 
to the control of organized labor. 
Nothing could be further from the 
truth. This whole matter resolves 
itself into the question: “What does 
organized labor expect from the 
teachers in return for the support 
accorded them?” In tlie first place, 
the American Federation of Labor is 



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It gives to the consumer 
a feeling of pleasure 
and contentment. 


June 19th, 1920 


an organization made up of employed 
people. We are employees and are 
eligible to membership. Labor lead- 
ers are candidly ambitious to build 
up their organization. It is a proper 
ambition. In the second place, or- 
ganized labor is guilty of the crime 
of wanting to be understood. In the 
third place, responsible leaders look 
upon the teachers as a further stea- 
dying influence in the ranks of la- 
bor. Neither of these two points 
requires elaboration. * In the fourth 
place, and most important of all, or- 
ganized labor is interested in the im- 
provement of educational facilities. 

I remember that Mr. Hugh Mag- 
ill, legislative representative of the 
National Education Association call- 
ed me upon the ’phone one day to 
relate a conversation which he had 
just had with Mr. Henry Sterling, 
legislative representative of the 
American Federation of Labor. Mr. 
Magill said: “Sterling tells me that 
we need have no concern as to the 
support of the A. F. of L. for the 
Smith-Towner bill revised, because 
there is no subject in respect to 
which organized labor throughout 
the country is so united, as the im- 
provement of the public school sys- 
tem.” Labor leaders want our co- 
operation in bringing about the im- 
provement of our educational sys- 
tem. Instead of being controlled, we 
are by reason of our affiliation able 
to influence a largo extent the edu- 
cational programme of the American 
Federation of Labor. 

A fifth objection is that the teach- 
ers are servants of the whole peo- 
ple, they therefore should not affi- 
liate with any particular group or 
class. This is the favorite argument 
of a certain prominent educator who 
puts the following query up to union 
teachers to answer: “Why do not 
teachers affiliate with the Chamber 
of Commerce? Why not with the Bar 
Association? Why not with the Me- 
thodist Church? Why not with the 
Medical Association? Why not with 
the Grange? Why with Organized 
Labor?” The answer is easily given. 
All teachers cannot join the Cham- 
ber of Commerce; they are not all 
financially able. All teachers can- 
not join the Bar Association; they 
are not all lawyers. All teachers can- 
not join the Medical Association; 
they are not all doctors. All teach- 
ers cannot join the Methodist 
Church; they are not all Methodists. 
All teachers cannot join , the 
Grange; they are not all farmers. 
But all teachers can join the Ameri- 
can Federation of Labor, because 
they are all employees. In this con- 
nection it should be pointed out that 
the other groups do not make it pos- 
sible for the teachers to affiliate 
with them in large numbers. We be- 
lieve that to the extent it is possible 
teachers should connect up with va- 
rious group of society, in order that 
they may more effectively serve the 
people as a whole. 

1 jab or believes in schools for all 
the people, not for a part of the peo- 
ple. We maintain that we do not sur- 
render our purpose, but further it> 
when we affiliate with organized la- 
bor. In the promotion of an end 


June 19th, 1920 


THE CANADIAN RAILROADER 


Page 7 


there must always be a selection of 
means. It is conceivable that the 
persons who join the Republican 
party believe that by so doing they 
promote the good of the whole coun- 
try. The party is to them a means 
of promoting the public good. The 
members of this party constitute but 
part of the people. And sometimes 
they are not patriots, but partisans. 
Yet one would not deny them the 
right to organize, especially if they 
believe that by so doing they are 
promoting the public good. 

To say that teachers cannot affi- 
liate with organized labor because 
they are servants of the whole peo- 
ple is, we repeat, a confusion of the 
means with the end. It amounts not 
only to a denial of the rights of the 
teachers to organize in the way pro- 
posed, but in reality constitutes, if 
carried out to its final conclusion, 
a denial to all groups of the right to 
organize. Groups of people cannot 
form labor unions, nor granges, nor 
bar associations, nor political parties, 
because, forsooth, these organization* 
are made up of only a part of the 
people. It may be said that they 
should. But they probably could 
not serve even themselves if they 
were not properly organized. It might 
also be said that teachers may or- 
ganize, provided they organize by 
themselves. This proposition involves: 
the isolation on the part of the 
teachers as a distinct class, apart 
from the rest of the people. We pro- 
pose to smash this conception of the 
teachers as a distinct class. It is as- 
serted that since the teachers are 
servants of society as a whole, they 
cannot affiliate with the great mass 
of working men and women. This 
assertion, carried to its logical con- 
clusion, involves a dilemma, one horn 
of which precludes teachers from or- , 
ganizing by themselves and the other 
horn of which requires that they 
establish an organization which em- 
braces the whole people. The first 
line of reasoning permits no organ- 
ization at all for teachers, for they 
must serve not themselves, but all 
the people. The second line leads 
to a requirement impossible of per- 
formance. It seems clear to us that 
teachers may affiliate with organiz- 
ed labor and still serve the people 
as a whole. Certainly, from the 
standpoint of education, the Ameri- 
can Federation of Labor, whose 
members believe in schools for all 
the people, cannot be regarded as a 
class organization. Our critics, in 
raising this issue, themselves reveal 
an unfortunate consciousness of class 
distinction utterly foreign to Amer- 
ican and Canadian ideals. 

No teacher should join the Amer- 
ican Federation of Teachers unless 
he can approve of the ideals of the 
organization. As the writer inter- 
prets these, they are as follows: 

We believe in the ideal of an effi- 
cient teaching personal. You can 
have schools without school build- 
ings, but you cannot have schools 
without school teachers. 

We believe in the ideal that tea ch- 
ers should know life. Education is 
supposed to be adjustment of life. 


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How can teachers make that adjust- 
ment properly if they themselves 
are not in touch with the conditions 
of the real world? 

We believe in the ideal that teach- 
ers should know’ and teach the truth. 

We believe in the ideal of the dig- 
nity of labor. Teachers can render 
a great service by emphasizing with 
the children not only the dignity and 
worth of labor, but the need of in- 
creased and better production. This 
would be a real contribution hot on- 
ly to the country but to the world in 
this period of reconstruction. 

We believe in the ideal of tolera- 
tion. It has been said that toleration 
is the cement which holds society 
together. No greater service could 
be performer by the teachers than to 
inject the spirit of toleration into 
society through a proper training of 
the youth of the land. Most of our 
present linrest is due to the inability 
or unwillingness of different groups 
to understand one another’s view’- 
point. 

We believe in the ideal of public 
service. We are willing to be test- 
ed by this criterion. 

We believe in the ideal of “Dem- 
ocracy ill Education; Education for 
Democracy.” Our thought is that 
there can be no democracy in gov- 
ernment or in industry unless there 
is democracy in education. The last 
stand of autocracy will be in the do- 
mination of the mind. The ivorld can- 
not be made safe for democracy un- 
less the schools are kept safe for 
democracy. 

These are our ideals. In the Amer- 
ican Federation of Teachers we have 
an agency whereby we can tronsform 
these ideals into definite and con- 
crete action. 

a 

Levis tramway employees who w r ere 
on strike have returned to work fol- 
lowing the Mayor ’s ^acceptance of in- 
creased fares giving 4 tickets for 30 
cents which the company said was ne- 
cessary before it could grant increased 
wages. 



l*ntre 8 


THE CANADIAN RAILROADER 


June 19th, 1920 


Babson Considers Labor Licked 


► * ♦ 4. ♦ 4. 4. * 


► ♦ 4* ♦ 4* ♦ 4* ♦ 4* 4* -*-*-*4. 


Babson ’s Statistical Service,, 
which supplies advice to big busi-j 
less in the United States, is out with a 
confidential report in which em 
plovers are told that Labor is lick 
ed to a standstill. Mr. Babson is one 
of those who plead with employers 
to adopt a conciliatory attitude to- 
wards Labor, so that the worker will 
not get angry and kick over the 
traces. In this report, he tells em- 
ployers that now they have Labor 
licked they must not humiliate it as 
the allies humiliated Germany with 
Impossible peace terms. 

This statement that Labor is beat- 
en, is Mr. Babson ’s own conclusion. 
The most interesting thing in this 
new confidential report is a frank 
confession that the employers con- 
trol the schools, the pulpit and the 
newspapers. Here are the most inte- 
resting parts of the report: 

“There is no. doubt about it — 
Labor is beaten. . . . For one thing, 
peace urgency has replaced war urg- 
ency and we are not willing to bid 
for peace labor as we had to bid for 
war labor. For another thing, the j 
employing class is immensely more 
powerful than it was in 1014. 

“We have, then, an organized la- 
bor force more numerous than ever 
before. Relatively twice as many 


workers are organized * as "in Idld. , 
But this same labor force has lost ; 
its hold on the public. Furthermore,: 
it is divided in its own camp. It 
fears capital. It threatens, but it. 
does not dare. 

“We said that the employing class 
was immensely more powerful than j 
in 1014. There is more money at its 
command. Eighteen thousand new 
millionaires are the war’s legacy. 
This money capacity is more thor- 
oughly unified than ever. In 1914, we 
had 30,000 banks, functioning in a 
great degree in independence of each 
other. Then came the Federal Re- 
serve Act and gave us the machinery 
for consolidation and the emergency 
of five years’ war furnished the 
hammer blows to weld the structure 
into one. 

i 1 The war taught the employing 
class the secret and the power of 
widespread propaganda. Imperial 
Europe had been a ware of this pow- 
er. It was new to the United States. 
Now, when we have anything to sell 
to the American people, we know 
how to sell it. We have learned. 
We have the schools. We have the 
pulpit. The employing class owns the 
prests. There is practically no impor- 
tant paper in the United States but 
is theirs.” 


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Page 16 


THE CANADIAN RAILROADER 


June 1 9th, 1920 


Strewing the Way With Flowers 



General Offices and Station, 
Woodstock, N.B. 

Flowers are amongst the assets of 
[the Canadian Pacific Railway. Flow- 
lers bloom in C.P.R. gardens at most 
of the principal stations from one 
lend of the country to the other. 
There are flower knots outside the 
Algonquin Hotel at St. Andrews, on 
the Atlantic coast, and one of the 
most beautful flower gardens in Am- 
erica blooms around the Empress 
Hotel in Victoria. 

In the old days most of the pion- 
eers were too busy opening up the 
untrodden ways to give much atten- 
tion to the cultivation of flowers. Yet 
flower cultivation along the C.P.R. 
peems to have progressed with the 
commercial prosperity of the rail- 
way system itself, for it is now 
thirty -one years since one of the 
C.P.R. employees produced a few 
rarities of flower seeds in his own 
lot and distributed them amongst 
is friends at some of the station® — 
with the object of starting flower 
gardening along the line. The start 
was auspiciously made, and now the 
C.P.R. has a floral department with 
headquarters at Windsor Street Sta- 
tion, Montreal. Mr. B. M. Winnegar 1 
Is the horticulturist and forester. 

Every year thousands of packets 
if flower seeds, bulbs, trees, shrubs 
Jrass seed. and large quantities of 
fertilisers Xre distributed free of 
charge to station agents, section fore- 
men, caretakers of round houses and 
employees living on the property of 
lb# company. The seeds that will 


B 


flower along the railway in the sum- 
mer and autumn are sent out in 
March. Full particulars Jfor cultiva- 
tion are printed on each seed packet. 
Bulbs for spring flowering are sent 
out in the fall. 

Seeds and plants of the best kind 
are always provided. Standard flow- 
er seed packets contain nasturtiums, 
alyssum, mignonette, sweet peas, 
phlox and kochia. Ferns and house 
plants are sent to large stations. An 
endless variety of perennials are dis- 
tributed, and amongst the varieties 
of trees supplied are maple, birch, 
beech, poplar and catalpa. Shrubs 
Include laurel leaf willow, sumac, 
berberries and weigelia. 

In all cases the cultivation of flow- 
er beds is done by the employees of 
the company, many of whom have 
exnert gardeners. On each 


North Bend, B.C. 

division of the C.P.R. prizes are given 
every year for the best display of 
flowers, and some of the products of 
gardens kept by the railway ama- 
teurs have won prizes at Canadian 
and United States floral exhibitions. 

During the last thirty-one years 
the encouraging influence of the 
C.P.R. flower growers has naterially 
assisted in the inauguration of floral 
societies all over the country. Many 
of the railway officials are members 
of these societies. Flowers have im- 
proved the appearance of the railway 
stations, and inspired by the bea'uty 
of the stations, residents of the towns 
have planted flowers that beautify 
their homes. A little flower flame 
along the C.P.R. has often thrown 
the spark that ignited a fire of flow- 
ers. ? 


Paso .10 


THE CANADIAN RAILROADER 


June 19th, 1920 



(From Our Own 

* 1 Some governments survive by 
reason of their merits, others be- 
cause they fatigue our capacity for 
indignation. There cames a point of 
saturation when public opinion is; 
constantly bemused with untruths j 
and halftruths, with parallel and! 
contradictory policies, with an at- 1 
mosphere of trickery and mystery. 
It does not revolt on the spot. It lies 
baclv in its chair, watches the spec- 
tacle with a broadening leer of cy- 
nicism and ends by a refusal to be- 
lieve in anything or anyone.” 

Every syllable of this passage, 
which is part of a criticism of the 
British Coalition by the London Na- 
tion, is applicable to our strange 
band of governors at Ottawa, and 
proof of a most tangible nature has 
been furnished by the Government 
itself last week. Three weeks ago Sir 
Henry Drayton brought down a bud- 
get in which certain nex taxes were 
levied. They awoke heated criti- 
cisms in every quarter of the coun- 
try and Ottawa was thronged with 
irate deputations of merchants and 
business men demanding their re- 
moval or alterations. Now Sir Hen- 
ry tells us what we all know that a 
monopoly of economic wisdom does 
not reside in the Finance Depart- 
ment and suggests changes of a far- 



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Correspondent) 

reaching nature. He is willing to 
take* suggestions from the House and 
is agreeably ready to share the un- 
popularity of the new imposts with 
any one. At present the luxury tax 
is in a state of fulx and no man 
knows w’hat its final form may be. 

Was there ever such a performance? 

A government may reduce the 
amount of the rates levied or it may 
change the method of collection but 
when its. Budget is brought down, 
it should have its basic principles 
definitely ascertained and should 
stand or fall by them. For three 
weeks the whole business communi- A ny 
ty has been going on the assump- 

tion that the luxury taxes were to . , , ... 

be levied at certain rates and in a Frequently pains about ti!6 
certain manner and now they are heart are Caused by the forma- 
told that something utterly different j.j Qn 0 £ g ar i s i n g from indi- 
may be devised. If the changes are 
finally made, are there to be re- gestion. 

funds' of taxes already paid under jj Jief from this condition is 
the original scale? # 

Then what shall be said of the ex obtained by the . use of Dl*. 
traordinary performance staged in Chase’s Kidney-Liver Pills, 
the Senate on Wednesday. Senator . ... ,, 

Robertson, Minister of Labor, who is Chronic indigestion, resu 

a well-meaning man and having a from sluggish liver action, COn- 
conscience, is fully aware of the in gtipation of the bowels and 
defensibility of the deportation . RidneVS 

amendments to the Immigration Act J * 

which discriminate against the Bri- Because Dr. Chase’s Kidney-Liver 
tish-born, recently brought down a pms arouse these organs to activity 
bill to remove at least their worst they thoroughly cure indigestion and 
features and limit the period with overcome the many annoying symp- 
in which deportation of British-born toms, 
people can take place to five years. 

It is an unsatisfactory compromise 
as Britishers should stand on the 
footing as other people, but it was 
a step in the right direction and it 
might be hoped that none but dou- 
ble-dyed reactionaries would oppose 
it. As the measure was introduced, 
by a Minister, it presumably was the 


Dr.Chasels 

Kidney LiveR Pills 


casions, they could have carried their 
bill. The truth is that many of the 
Government do not want the bill to 
carry; they simply want to make a 
pretence of amending the clauses, 
see it fail, and profess great sorrow, 
but keep them intact in all their 
obnoxiousness. 

A defeait on a Government meas- 


result of the considered decision of 
the Cabinet, and by its fate they 
are bound to stand or fall. It has 
met with ferocious opposition from 
Senators of both parties and the 
amazing speeches delivered dpring 
i its discussion reveal a depth of ig- 
gnorance and lack of contact with 
modern thought in our Upper Cham- 
ber which cannot have a parallel in ure in the Commons would entail 
any other legislative body outside . the resignation of the Cabinet, but 
Guatemala and Morocco. it need not necessarily do so when 

Senator Robertson struggled the Upper House is the scene. The 
bravely against heavy odds and re- proper course for Senator Robertson 
ceived not the slightest iota of sup- : is to insist to the Cabinet that the 
port from his leader and colleague, bill be reintroduced at once in the 
Sir James Lougheed. In fact, the lat Commons and backed with all the 
1 ter, by his calculated abstention j strength of the Government, 
from a critical division, gave a lead On Monday Mr. King attempted 
to his henchmei> which has now re- in va in to secure some information 
\ suited in the bill being killed by 30 -is to when it was proposed to hold 
to 17. The division was non-party an election in East Elgin. The six 
and Senator Bostock must bear a months within which all vacancies 
large share of the blame as he voted must now be filled by by-elections 
against them. But is was a Govern- are slipping by and there is no sign 
ment measure and if the Government , of a writ. Dr. Tolrnie produced a 
had cared to exercise the customary resolution dealing with commercial 
pressure on their followers such as feeding stuffs and the rural members 
is brought intp play on critical oc- found it a fruitful source of dis- 


cussion. Mr. Meighen sought au- 
thority to maintain control of coal 
operations in District No. 18 and 
con(rm a va^ety of orders-in-coun- 
cil passed in this connection. Out 
of this there arose a general discus- 
sion as to the fuel supplies of Can- 
ada and many suggestions were of- 
fered for the utilization of the west- 
ern coal supplies. One difficulty 
abouit most of the western coal is 
that it will not stand storing. 

Mr. King and Mr. Meighen had a 
somewhat lively clash, the former 
objecting to granting any authority 
because the orders in council had not 
been produced for inspection, and 
Mr. Meighen accusing him o finter- 
posing needless delays. Mr. King ac- 
cused the Minister of the Interior 
of having the Tory point of view 
and Mr. Meighen retorted that Mr. 
King was in dreamland. The mat- 
ter was allowed to stand over and 
Mr. Meighen got through some esti- 
mates for his Soldier Settlement 
Board. 

In the evening Mr. Rowell intro- 
duced his estimates for the Royal 
Canadian Northwest Police. The 
strength of the force is at present 
1808, which is at least three times 
its numbers in the days of its glory. 
The expeiuliure is enormous for the 
size of the force and the work which 
' it performs. 

Mr. White of Alberta, who once 
served in the ranks of the R. N. 
W. P., told Mr. Rowell that he had 
lowered the tone and the prestige 
of the force by the tasks to which 
he had turned it, and expressed re- 
gret that the old R. N. W. P. had 
not been disbanded and allowed to 
fade out of existence with its or- 
iginal glory untarnished. 

Mr. Butts of Cape Breton, who is 
the only real 11 character” in the 
House, was mightily indignant that 
Mr. Rowell’s police should be sent 
down among the Arcadian commu- 
nity of Cape Breton, and explained 
how free from sin and* crime his 
-constituents were. He besought Mr. 
Rowell not to send ” hayseeds from 
away across the plains down to Nova 
! Scotia,” and described Mr. Row- 
ell’s project as i( sheer childish- 
ness ’ Mr. Lemieux and other East- 
ern members declared there was not 
the slightest need for the force in 
the East as the provincial and 
municipal police were sufficient to 
! cope with all difficulties. Mr. Ro- 
well talked loftily about the need 
of having a force available every- 
J where to maintain law and order. 

Mr. King pointed out that the 
Minister was asking for his police 
two-thirds of the whole sum that 
was asked for the Militia estimates 
in 1910-11. Continual sniping at the 
President of the Privy Council 
went on for two hours, but he was 
eventually allowed to get some of 
his estimates through. 

Sir H. Drayton was allowed to 
pass an interim supply bill, allow- 
ing the expenditure of one-sixth of 
j each of the estimates. 

On Tuesday there was an inter- 
esting little ceremony when Sir R. 
Borden, seconded by Mr. King, 
, moved a resolution thanking the 



June 19th, 1920 


THE CANADIAN RAILROADER 


Page 11 


Lord Chancellor, the Speaker and 
the members of the Empire Parlia- 
mentary Association in the Lords 
and Commons, for the gift to the j 
Canadian House of Commons of a 
Speaker’s chair. Once more Sir 
Robert declined to give any informa- 
tion about increased sessional in- 
demnities. The pressure on the part 
of the members is increasing as the 


and of the session draws in sight, 
but there are several obstacles. For 
one thing Mr. Crerar and most of 
his following absolutely decline to 
join in the raid on the public purse. 
It is also believed that most of the 
Cabinet, knowing the outcry which 
will inevitably rise from the soldiers 
and civil servants who feel the com- 
munity owes them more money, are 



TWWhiff 
of Fragrance 


which never fails in its cheerful 
invitation to breakfast, comes 
more frequently, more invitingly, when it’s 

SEAL BRAND COFFEE 

that is used. The famous Seal Brand flavour, fragrance 
and delicacy are sealed right into the Tin. 

and a.Jb tins. Never sold in bulk Whole ground, and Fine-ground, 
for Tricolators and ordinary percolators. At all good dealers. * 
"Perfect Coffee— Perfectly made” tells just how to make Coffee. It’s free. 
^ WRITE for it. 

CHASE & SANBORN, MONTREAL. & 



If I don't bring 

L antic 

in Original 
Packages 

mother sends 
me back? 


In S*51l».cartimf - *9*soa».tack» 




opposed to granting any increase. 
They fear to alienate any of their 
following by a definite refusal to 
materialize, as they say they dare 
not propose any increase unless all 
parties agree to it. 

The Bankruptcy Act Amendment 
was passed through the rest of its 
stages and Mr. Meighen got some es- 
timates disposed of. Most of the 
day was taken up in discussing the 
feasures relating to the Income Tax 
and Business War Profits Tax. 

Wednesday saw the Budget once 
more in committee Mr. Archam- 
bault moved an amendment to raise 
the exemption 'for children from 
$200 to $500, but it was negatived, 
as was another by Mr. Hume Cronyn 
to exempt contributions to hospitals, 
asylums, and other charitable insti- 
tutions. 

In the evening Sir H. Drayton 
startled the house with the an- 
nouncement of a long series of 
changes in the excise taxes, -which 
will completely transform their in- 
cidence. The main alteration is that 
on boots and shoes and all staple 
articles of clothing). The rate of 
the luxury tax will be raised from 
10 to 15 per cent, but it will only 
be paid on the sum in excess of the 
minimum at which the luxury stig- 
ma attaches. In other schedules 
there are numerous and important al- 
terations which reflect the pressure 
of the train of deputations. 

The changes are all to the good, as 
in their original form many ordinary 
necessities of life were burdened 
with the luxury tax. But the Gov- 
ernment should have realized their 
effect ere they proposed them, and 
it is now being roundly abused by 
the whole mercantile community. 
Business men after painstaking 
study had just succeeded in master- 
ing the intricacies of the original 
taxes and making ‘their calculations 
accordingly Now they are told 
that they -must begin their research- 
es all over again. Meanwhile the 
original resolutions stand and it may 
be some weeks ere they are finally 
ratified by both houses. As many 
of the rates are lowered no one is 
going to make purchases if he or she 
thinks they can save money by wait- 
ing, and as a result merchants see 
before them at least a fortnight of 
paralyzed trade. 

Dr. Michael Clark has never liked 
the financial policy of the Budget, 
but words almost fail him when he 
comes to deal with the latest sample 
of the Government’s incoherent 
mentality and is cheerful readiness 
to violate all established practices. 

Subsequently Mr. Burrell introduced 
a measure providing for an increase 
on postal rates- on periodicals which 
aroused some controversy. In the past 
the Government has been carrying 
newspapers at a very great loss, and 
it proposes to diminish the deficit. 
There is also to be some curtailment 
of the franking privilege. 

On Thursday the House returned 
to the Coal Bill, which passed out of 
Committee. The Opposition offered 
strenuous objection to some of its 
provisions and forced one division, 
but the progressives were against 


t 


/ pure 

f L^ZJ WOOL 

ly ^ WEAR 

For sale at Jaeger Stores and 
agencies throughout Canada. 

dr. Jaeger LIM,TED 

^ MONTREAL * 

WINNIPEG TORONTO 


them and they were beaten by 49. 
The Board of Commerce report was 
tabled, but it did not contain the 
letters anent the resignation of 
Judge Robson, which everyone w r ould 
like to see. Some progress was made 
with a variety of minor bills, in- 
cluding a measure to amend the pro- 
visions of the criminal code in re- 
gard to race track gambling. 

This bill got its third reading on 
Friday, to the sorrow^ of Mr. Cro- 
thers and Mr. A. R. McMaster. The 
latter delivered an impassioned ora- 
tion upon the evils of racetrack gam- 
bling, which he regards as a ter- 
rible evil. In such matters, Mr. Mc- 
Master is inclined to develop an 
ultrapuritanical strain, which is 
scarcely harmonious with the best 
brand of liberalism. Then the luxury 
taxes were taken up again in com- 
mittee and produced an endless 
train of speeches and protests. Dr. 
Clark once more told' the Finance 
Minister wdiat his opinion of his tac- 
tics was, and Mr. Nicholson, Mr. 
Loggie and other wiseacres gave the 
House the benefit of their business 
lore at inordinate length. 

Sir Henry admitted many faults 
and deficiencies, but always took 
refuge in the cry that the money 
had to be obtained somehow. One of 
the chief complaints of the critics 
was that the new taxes would cause 
enormous trouble in their collection. 
Mr. Grerar moved an amendment to 
make the taxes collected only by the 
manufacturers and wholesalers. At 
least half a score of government sup- 
porters had favored such a course in 
their speeches, but when asked to 
vote for it, they lost their nerve and 
the amendment was lost by 12 votes. 
Another amendment to exempt from 
the luxury taxes soldiers who had 
been oversees and their dependents 
for five years was also lost. 

The Government if it has any lin- 
ering notions about increasing mem- 
bers’ indemnities, should take note 
of how’ the increase of the salary of 
Australian M.P.s from £600 to £1,- 
000 has been received by the elect- 
ors. A recent dispatch states that the 
latter are vocally, indignant. Politi- 
cians who joined the royal procession 
when the Prince of Wales landed 
were the object of hostile demon- 
stration and on returning from a re- 
view, Mr. Hughes, the Prime Minis- 
ter, as he motored through Mel- 
bourne, was compelled to listen to 
continuous cries of “ Grabber.” 

J. A. Stevenson. 




Page 12 


THE CANADIAN RAILROADER 


June 19th, 1920 


RUSSIA DISORGANIZED 

INDIVIDUAL LIBERTY RE- 
STRICTED, SAY BRITISH 

LABOR DELEGATE 

The first report of the British 
Labor delegates who have just re- 
turned from an investigation of con- 
ditions in Soviet Russia was made 
public in London on June 11. 

The delegates declare themselves 
deeply impressed with the distress 
and disorganization which they found 
in Russia, the dejection of the peo- 
ple, and the extent of the Govern- 
ment’s interference with individual 
liberty. The report is said to be un- 
animous. 

The report describes the blockade 
as injurious to the world and disas- 
trous to Russia and makes reference 
to the epidemic of diseases to which 
the absence of soap and medical sup- 
plies has given full sway, although 
great efforts have been made to- 
ward the sanitation. Denouncing the 
Polish war, the report says: 

“The appeal for creative work is 
being once more set aside in favor 
of an appeal to military enthusiasts, 
while the war conditions provide new 
pretexts for restricting individual 
liberty and preventing freedom of 
discussion.” 

The report says war rallies all par- 
ties to the defence of the country; 
it emphasizes the breakdown in ma- 
nufactures through lack of raw ma- 
terial and advocates the immediate 
resognition of Russia. 

The report was brought to Eng- 
land by Benjamin Turner and Tom 
Shaw, members of the British Labor 
delegation which visited Russia, for 
presentation to the Labor Congress 
at Scarborough. They brought also 
a letter from Nikolai Lcnine, the 
Bolshevik premier exhorting the 
workers to revolution in England, 
which has created a sensation. 

Lenine criticizes the surprise ex- 
pressed by the delegation at the 
“Red Terror”, the suppression of 
freedom of the press and free as- 
sembly, and declares that the work- 
ingmen against exploiters, and that 
freedom of the press and assembly 
in a bourgeoisie democracy means 
freedom to plot against the work- 
ingmen In turn Lenine expresses 
surprise that the viewpoint of part 
of the delegation coincides with the 
bourgeoisie. 

No wonder things don’t go right 
with us — An old-fashioned philosoph- 
er, after meditating earnestly on 
what ails the world today, recently 
gave vent to the following list of 
ills, which was printed in “The Shop 
Mark”, house organ of Bcrkey & 
Gay Grand Rapids, Mich.: 

Too many diamonds and not 
enough alarm-clocks. 

Too many silk shirts and not 
enough blue flannel ones. 

Too many pointed-toed shoes and 
not enough square-toed ones. 

Too many serge suits and not 
enough overalls. 

Too much decollete and not enough 

aprons. 




Comprised of 

Canadian Explosives, Limited. 

Dominion Cartridge Company, Limited. 

Canadian Fabrikoid, Limited. 

The Arlington Company of Canada, Limited. 

The Flint Varnish and Color Works of Canada, Limited. 
The Victoria Chemical Company, Limited. 

Head Office: 

120 St. James Street, MONTREAL, Canada. 

•ii.solidated Offices: Vancouver, Winnipeg, Toronto. 


The Nichols Chemical Company, Limited 

ACIDS AND HEAVY CHEMICALS 

Agents for Baker & Adamson’s Chemically Pure Acids 
and Chemicals. 

Agents for Canadian Salt Co. — “Windsor” Brand Caustic Soda 
and Bleaching Powder. 

Works: Capelton, Que., Sulphide, Ont., Barnet, B. C. 
Warehouses: Montreal, Toronto. 

222 St. James Street MONTREAL 


ALLEGED NATURAL LAW 

IS TRICKERY AND BUNK. 


That claim that the law of supply 
and demand is as immutable as is 
the law of gravitation, was refer- 
red to as trickery and unadulterat- 
ed bunk by Fair Price Commission- 
er McClain, in a speech to members 
of the chamber of commerce at Phi- 
ladelphia recently. 

“The law of supply and demand 
isn’t being given a fair chance to 
operate”, he said. “The law of sup- 
ply and demand has been diverted 
from its natural track — lias been 
shunted unto a siding.” 

The speaker declared that in the 
case of wearing apparel the law of 
supply and demand hasn’t got a 
look-in. ’ ’ 

“Investigations made by special 
agents of the department of justice, 
of the charges of percentage over 
cost made by the retailer on the arti- 
cles of wear for men, women and 
children, disclose a plundering of the 
public in comparison with which 
train robbing is as respectable, but 
not as profitable,” he said. 

The Commissioner stated that 
men’s overcoats are selling in this 
city at prices 91 to 107 per cent 
higher than cost to retail dealer, 
with ready-made clothing 90 to 107 
per cent higher, women’s hosiery 100 
to 150 per cent, and high grade 
shoes 100 to 114 per cent liigher. He 
warned his hearers of a growing so- 
cial unrest, which is directly caused 
by profiteering and not by foreign- 
ers, and declared that business men 
who cannot see the storm clouds 
that are gathering in the social sky 
are “as blind as bats and as deaf 
as adders.” 

The speaker said that these con- 
ditions create 10 Bolshevists for 
every Goldman and Berkman that 
a soviet ark can haul to some Rus- 
sian port. 

“We cannot say to those people 
who protest, ‘Go back where you 
came from ’, because where they 
came from is here. — “Weekly 
News Letter.” 


Goal 


GEO. HALL COAL CO. 

of Canada, Ltd. 


211 McGill Street, Montreal 


pi 

^■653 



I 


FUMEIVYb 

I fci\isi5HiMG5 




June 19th, 1920 


THE CANADIAN RAILROADER 


Page 1'S 


LABOR IN POLITICS 


(Ottawa Citizen.) 

The refusal of the American Fed- 
eration of Labor at its Montreal ses- 
sion to give additional support to 
President Gompers ’ non-political 
programme by establishing a non- 
partisan political propaganda bureau 
may be interpreted as a victory for 
the element desirous of having la- 
l>or participate in politics as an or- 
ganization. The resolution declared 
that the bureau proposed by Mr. 
Gompers was “ unnecessary ” at 
this time. 

In 1912 the American Federation 
of Labor had 1,800,000 members; in 
February of this year it had 4,407,- 
301 members. For many years there 
has been discussion within the or- 
ganization of the best manner of 
using this strong membership for 
political purposes. There have been 
numerous labor party off shots and 
one is now in process of organiza- 
tion. But the main body of the or- 
ganization lias managed to remain 
non-partisan. Mr. Gompers would! 
have it remain so. He says in this 
connection: 

1 1 Do you think for a moment that 
we could have gone as the American 
labor movement to the other political 
parties and said: ‘We want you to 
inaugurate in your platform this and 
this declaration?’ If one of the 
parties had refused and the other 
party consented and took its 
chance, would the American Feder- 


ation of Labor have been permitted 
to exercise that independent political 
and economic course if the labor par- 
ty had been in existence? How long 
would we have had to wait for the 
passage of* a law by Congress declar- 
ing in practice and in principle that 
the labor of a human being is not a 
commodity or an article of com- 
merce — the most far-reaching decla- 
ration ever made by any government 
in the history of the world?” 

In 1912 the federation entered the 
presidential campaign with consider- 
able force. In 1916, owing to the 
war, it took no part. This year it is 
making its greatest effort, through 
! the non-partisan channel. Mr. Gom- 
; per says: 

“The present non-partisan politic- 
j al campaign being conducted by the 
American Federation of Labor fol- 
| lows the established policy of Amer- 
ican labor in political endeavor. The | 
I effort of labor in this campaign is j 
being conducted in accordance with j 
that non-partisan policy. The pre- 
sent campaign is the most energetic 1 
and sweeping in w r hieh labor has en- 
gaged for two reasons. There are 
twice as many organized workers as 
there were in the 1912 campaign, and 
there is a greater need for energetic 
protection of the rights and liberties 
of the masses of our people. The 
elements of reaction have never been 
so blind, never so unthinking, never 
so brutal and bigoted. The non-parti- 
san campaign of organized labor and 
the enthusiasm that surrounds it are 
the best guarantee America has to- 


day of the ability of democracy to 
defend itself against unscrupulous 
and predatory attack from within 
the republic.” 

The largest labor delegation in 
congress was that of two years ago, 
when there were nineteen in the 
group. This year there are sixteen 
and the idea of Mr. Gompers is to 
increase that number. In 1916 la- 
bor secured its greatest platform 
achievement when the Democrats 
embodied in their programme an 
affirmation of faith in the 
Seamen’s Act; in favor of child la- 
bor legislation; or creation of a bu- 
reau of safety in the department of 
labor; extension of the powers of 
the federal bureau of mines; deve- 
lopment of the federal employment 
service and a commendation of the 
department of labor as a whole. 

On the other hand the element that 
favors partisan action has not been 
idle. It points to the success of 
the Non-Partisan League in the 
America nnorthwest, particularly in 
the Dakotas, Socialists are in favor 
of partisan action and there are 
many Socialists in the ranks of la- 
bor, moderate Socialists who keep 
their feet on the ground. These de- 
clare that labor can never be 100 
per cent, effective as a voting factor 
unless it is a partisan organization 
politically. 

The Montreal vote would go to 
show that while the element favoring 
the plan of Mr. Gompers is still 
strong enough to prevent partisan- 
ship, it is hardly strong enough to 


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MASSON & IVES ? 

Dental Scientists « 

Teeth extracted without pain. * 
— Novo-Codlne 



152 PEEL STREET 

Up 5602 

860 ST-DENIS a 

St. Louis 4613 ♦ 

OPEN EVENINGS 7 

a • a - a ♦ a -a-a-a-a-a-a -a** 


link up the organization more close- 
ly than at present with its own side. 
The federation will make every ef- 
fort to elect candidates favorable 
to labor and to defeat those inimical 
to its interest with the machinery it 
at present possesses or is creating, 
but it will not further bind itself to 
such a course. Obviously much will 
depend on the result of this year’s 
efforts. If labor returns a larger 
number of representatives under the 
existing plan it will likely be adopt- 
ed as a permanent policy, or at least 
adhered to, as against the partisan 
plan. If it should lose ground the in- 
fluences favoring a labor party as 
such will have gained much strength 
within the organization. 



Overalls, Smocks 

and 

i Shirts — 


Look for the Trade Mark 


R. J. WHITLA CO. 

LIMITED 

WHOLESALE DRY ROODS 

Winnipeg 

Established 18 79 



a^a-a-a-a-a-a-a 



Page 14 


THE CANADIAN RAILROADER 


June 19th, 1920 



(From our own Correspondent.) 


London, May 21st. 

Railwaymen have held the centre 
stage position this week. The Na- 
tional Wages Board, on which sit re- 
presentatives of the companies, the 
unions and the railway users, has 
been hearing arguments for and 
against the claim of one union for 
$5.00 a week advance for all mem- 
bers and of another of flat rate weg- 
es of $5.00 a day for drivers, $2.50 , 
for firemen and $3.25 for cleaners. 

It may be mentioned in passing 
that the third railway union, the ' 
Railway Clerks ’ Association, has this 
week at its annual conference de- 
clared for a new programme of a 25 j 
per cent, advance. 

The great future of the proceed- 
ings before the National Board has 
been the remarkable clearness and 
moderation with which the case for 
the men was put. For the National 
Union of Railwaymen the spokesman 
was C. T. Cramp, industrial secret- 
ary, and John Bromley, general se- 
cretary, and John Bromley, general 
secretary, Associated Society of Lo- 
comotive Engineers and Firemen, 
handled the matter for that union. 

Cramp made some specially good 
points. I will quote a few: 

I am not basing this case on the 
cost of living. 

The national settlement of last 
January was accepted (this is one 
of the two main pQints that I put 
forward as justifying this applica- 
tion) under protest. 

Those of us who were conversant 
with the whole course of the nego- 
tiations at that time were convinced 
that it could not be a settlement of 
very long duration. 

In the second place, this applica- 
tion is put forward because the last 1 
agreement was arrived at prior to 
the review of the conditions of- men 
in many other large industries with 
whom our men come very much in- 
to contact. 

It is impossible for the men in any 
one industry to remain unaffected 
by the conditions obtaining in any 
other industry. 

You have to regard the industrial 
workers, generally speaking, as one 
wdiole. 1 

We are asking you to help us to 
maintain the efficiency, the health, 
the comfort and, what is more, the 
self-respect of the railwaymen. 

Methods of transport are possible 
in this country which can equal, if 
not excel, the methods in any other | 
country in the world. 

But if that is to be accomplished, 
it is necessary to have a contented 
railway staff, a staff which shall not 
feel that it is the Cinderella of in 
dustry. 

In reply to J. II. Thomas, General 
Secretary of the N. U. R. who is a i 
member of the Board, Cramp said 
thatf about 400,000 workers would be 
affected by the claim. He stated in 1 


answ r cr to the chairman than the 
claim was for $5 for everyone, ir- 
respective of age or sex. ” 

The rest of the Cramp’s statement 
consisted chiefly of comparisons be- 
tween the wages of railwaymen and 
those of men in other occupations. 
He compared, for instance, the $3.75 
a day paid to a railway driver with 
the $4.25 paid to a daywageman 
in the South Wales collieries; the 
$15 a week paid to a Grade I rail- 
way porter with the $17.50 start- 
ing wage of a policeman under the 
Desborough scale, or the $22.50 
paid to laborers employed by the 
Swansea Corporation. In reply to 
leading questions from J. H. Tho- 
mas, he added a comparison between 
the $2.50 a day of the goods porter 
at a Class I station and the new 16s. 
minimum of the docker alongside 
him and performing almost indentic- 
al work. 

About a dozen witnesses were 
heard in support of Cramp’s case. 
They included a foreman platelay- 
er, a signalman, a goods’ guard, a 
foreman shunter, a travelling ticket 
collector, an engine driver, a fire- 
man, a carriage examiner and several 
goods checkers. In every case they 
argued that w T age advances granted 
to various other bodies or workers, 
— policemen, casual laborers, piano 
workers, dockers, colliery platelay- 
ers, tobacco workers, tramwaymen, 
municipal scavengers add the rest— 
had depressed the economic status 
of the railwaymen and engendered 
a widespread feeling of discontent. 

Bromley called nine witnesses and 
then the companies replied through 
an official. The evidence called bv 
the railway managers was chiefly 
remarkable for the official state- 
ment by a chartered accountant that 
it would cost $125,000,000 a year to 
cover tliq, claim of the National 
Union of Railwaymen, $15,000,000 for 
the claim of the locomotive engineers 
and firemen, and $35,000,000 for the 
shopmen. 

He also stated that the wages paid 
before the war were $120,000,000 
which had already been increased to 
$390,000,000. But he admitted in an- 
swer to Mr. Thomas that the num- 
ber of men employed had increased 
by 80,000 and that the revenue had 
increased from $590,000,000 to $1,140,- 
000,000. 

It has been decided by the Trades 
Union Congress Parliamentary Com- 
mittee to attack the problem of high 
prices in earnest. 

To a special conference will be 
summoned not only the Labor Party 
executive, the Parliamentary Com- 
mitte and the Parliamentary Labor 
Party, but the Consumers’ Council 
and representatives of the co-opera- 
tive movement and some of the large 
trade federations. The proposal to 
be submitted to it by the Parlia- 
mentary Committee of the Congress 
is that a commission shall be set 


up at once to make a full investiga- 
tion of the causes and incidence of 
high prices and to recommend rem- 
edies and the method of securing ef- 
fect for those remedies. 

Another matter of considerable 
importance just now is the steps be- 
ing taken to re-organize the directive 
forces of labor and make them more 
efficient. It is hoped to form a 
General Staff with wide advisory 
powers, though not executive and to 
prosecute the following aims: 

Research: To secure general and 
statistical information on all ques- 
tions affecting the worker as produc- 
er and consumer by the co-ordination 
and development of existing agenc- 
ies. 

Legal advise on all questions af- 
fecting the collective value of the 
members of working class organiza- 
tions; and publicity, including pre- 
paration of suitable literature deal- 
ing with questions affecting the 
economic, social and political wel- 
fare of the people; with machinery 
for inaugurating special campaigns 
to meet emergencies of an industrial 
or political character. 

There is considerable likelihood of 
a strike amongst the workmen em- 
ployed throughout the country. 

James O’Grady, secretary of the 
National Federation of General 
Workers reports that the ballot is 
so far overwhelmingly in favor of 
handing in notices. “The minority, 
in fact”, he added, “is so small as 
to be negligible. ” 

The ballot will not be completed 
until June 2nd. 

An increase of $2.50 a week is ask- 
ed, together with improved overtime 
and an annual holiday. Ballot pa- 
pers to the number of 95,000 have 
been issued. 

A further conference is to be held 
on June 2rd (to receive the completed 
ballot returns and to decide on the 
date of notices to expire. The ne- 
cessary machinery for carrying out 
the strike will then be set up. 

Meanwhile the craft unions who 
have members employed in gas un- 
dertakings are to be notified of the 
position and a request made for their 
sympathy and support. 

Ethelbert Pogson. 

22 Hambledon Road, 

Wimbledon, 

London, S. W. 

— :o: 

FOREIGN RAILWAYS 

AND RATES 


During December, 1919, and Jan- 
uary, 1920, the Italian railways ad- 
vanced their first-class passenger fares 
80 per cent, their second-class fares 60 
per cent, and their third-class fares 
50 per cent. Both freight and pas- 
senger rates already during the war 
had been advanced 30 to 45 per cent. 

The passenger rates of the French 
railways, two of which are owned by 
the government and all of which are 
being operated under government 
control, were advanced 40 per cent 
during the war and the freight rates 
30 to 3 T per cent. Because of the 
deficits which have continued to be 
incurred proposals for further ad- 


vances have been under considera- 
tion. 

The advances in rates on the Aus- 
trian railways since pre-war days 
liave been enormous. The increase 
of 30 per cent made in February 
1920, made the total increases about 
330 per cent. 

In September, 1919, freight and 
passenger rates in Belgium had been 
increased 40 to 50 per cent since pre- 
war times. Further increases have 
been made since then. 

In September, 1919, freight and 
passenger rates in The Netherlands 
were advanced 50 per cent. 

Very much the largest advances 
reported in any country have been 
made in Germany, where, it is well 
known, practically all the railways 
are owned and operated by the gov- 
ernment, Repeated advances were 
made during the war and still fur- 
ther very great advances have been 
made since the signing of the armis- 
tice. The passenger rates now aver- 
age about 700 per cent, higher than 
before the war, and the freight rates 
about 800 per cent higher. 

Large advances in rates have also 
had to be 'made in many countries 
which were remote from the seat of 
hostilities. For example, in Decem- 
ber, 1919, all freight and passenger 
rates on the South African Govern- 
ment railways were advanced 25 per 
cent, while in August, 1919, a raise 
of 20 per cent in both freight and 
passenger rates was made in Brazil, 
and in October of the same year 
additional increases were proposed. 
Even in Australia, which was about 
as remote from the theatre of hostili- 
ties as any part of the world, all the 
government railways have suffered 
severely from the effects of the war 
and have had to make advances in 
their rates. 

The railways of Great Britain were 
placed under government control at 
the beginning of the war and are 
still thus being operated. During the 
war the passenger rates were ad- 
vanced 50 per cent, while the freight 
rates were not advanced at all, and 
because the increases in expenses 
greatly exceeded the increases in 
rates the government incurred a 
large deficit. To reduce or wipe out 
this deficit advances in the freight 
rates of the British railways rang- 
ing from 25 to 100 per cent were 
made effective on January 15, 1920, 
and extra' charges were added to 
rates which cover the collection and 
delivery of freight at stations as well 
as its transportation. In March, 1920, 
the demurrage charges imposed for 
holding a car one day beyond the 
period of free time were increased 
100 per cent, and the charges for 
subsequent days 200 per cent. 

-:o: 

Desparate, but Cheerful — 

THE HOMELESS BELGIANS 
HAVE NOTHING ON ME. 

I want a 3- or 4-room modern house, 
flat, garage, or barn to live in. No 
objection to living over a hen- 
house if the roosters are equipped 
with Maxim silencers. Address N- 
1. — “Want Ad in the Sioux City 
Tribune.” 



I 


June 19th, 1920 


THE CANADIAN RAILROADER 


Page 15 


The Railroadmen’s Reliance for Accident and Health Insurance 

THE GLOBE INDEMNITY COMPANY OF CANADA 

(Formerly The Canadian Railway Accident Insurance Co.) 

Head Office: MONTREAL 

This Company has made a specialty of Railroadmen’s Accident and Health Insurance since the date of its inception and 
has insured more railroadmen and paid more in claims to them than any other Company in Canada. ' 

PROMPT AND LIBERAL SETTLEMENT OF CLAIMS 


T. KEHOE, Calgary 

OWEN McGUIRE, Edmonton 

ANDREW LAKE, Winnipeg 

GEORGE PIKE, Winnipeg 

EDMUND DAWSON, Winnipeg 

E. E. WEST, Brandon 

J. F. O'BRIEN, Fort William 


W. AUBRY, North Bay 
W. F. WILSON, Toronto 
J. M. STARKE, Farnham 
J. E. HUDON, Montreal 
E. PINARD, Montreal 
J. A. PELLETIER, Montreal 
R. T. MUNRO, Montreal 


A. M. McLELLAN, Moncton 
T. P. McKENNA, St. John 
ROBERT F. KERR, New Glasgow 

B. F. PORTER, Truro 

A. Y. MCDONALD, Glace Bay 
J. B. STEWART, New Glasgow. 


Policies guaranteed by The Liverpool & London & Globe Insurance 

Company, Limited. 


ASSETS OVER $70,000,000.00 [Seventy Million Dollars] 


J. GARDNER THOMSON 
President 


JOHN EMO 

General Manager & Secretary 


JOHN PINKERTON 
Assistant Manager 


Union Movemet 

Among Teachers 

(By CHARLES STILLMAN, Pres- 
ident of the American Fede- • ! 

ration of Teachers.) 
npHE rapid growth of the Amcri- 
A can Federation of Teachers du- 
ring the past year is exceeding^ en- 
couraging to all who appreciate the 
critical situation faced by our pub- 
lic schools. This national organ- 
ization of classroom teachers, affi- 
liated with the American Federation j 
of Labor, has increased five-fold in 
both number of locals and member- 
ship, now have issued over a Inn- 
hundred charters to locals represent- 
ing every section of the country and , 
all classes of public school teachers, j 
An interesting recent development ; 
is its extension into the university 
and normal school fields, where ten 
charters have been issued. 

Though there are several instances 
of controversies with reactionary 
school authorities, it is indicative 
of a wholesome trend of public opi- 
nion that in the great majority of! 
cases boards of education and super- 
intendents of schools welcome the. 
new possibilities of closer contact 
and co-operation with the communi- 
ty opened up by the affiliation of 
the teachers with the American 
Federation of Teachers. 

There is no space for a detailed . 
account of the substantial achieve- 
ments of the organized teachers, 


but, in brief, our locals in various 
sections of the country have been 
able to secure salary increases; im- 
portant reforms in school adminis- 
tration, such as reduction in size 
and number of classes, and simplifi- 
cation and improvement in the meth- 
ods of rating teachers; the election 
or appointment of progressive 
boards of education, and the enact- 
ment of such legislation as provi- 
sions for continuation schools, for 
free text books, fo»- increases in 
school revenue and for tenure of po- 
sition. 

And everywhere the teachers have 
found their most steadfast ally *.n 
labor, that great, organized body of 
parents which is determined that the 
children of all the people shall have 
a square educational deal. For labor 
realizes that the primary factor in 
the efficiency of the schools is the 
teachers, that the best of buildings 
and equipment, without competent 
teachers, is so much junk. 

Teachers in the past havj held 
themselves aloof from the economic 
and civic interests of the communi- 
ty, and have had little opportunity 
to develop a living sense of rhe du- 
ties and privileges of citizenship. 

Neither, as a rule, have they had 
any democratic opportunity to give 
the schools the benefit of the initia- 
tive and experienced gained in daily 
contact with the children in the 
school room. 

Misgoverned cities are a testimony 
to the inevitable result, the failure 
of teachers to prepare their pupils 


for life under economic, social and 
civic conditions of which the teach- 
ers themselves have no intimate 
knowledge. Removal of these handi- 
caps through affiliation with labor 
is a hopeful sign for the future. 

Organized labor is giving every as- 
assistanee in our movement to raise 
teachers' salaries and to gain for 
the teacher a democratic voice in the 
conduct of the schools. 

Until teaching offers a self-res- 
pecting living and self-respecting 
conditions of work, young men and 
women of ability and independent 
spirit will continue to refuse to pre- 
pare themselves for that calling, 
which is so essential to public wel- 
fare, and it will be increasingly dif- 
ficult to retain experienced teachers 
in the service which has received 
such niggardly recognition from the 
public. 

Labor's aid has been effective, not 
only locally, but nationally, .as shown 
by IJie support given by the Ameri- 
can Federation of Labor to the 
Smith-Towner bill revised, which 
now, owing to the amendments to 
the original Smith bill made at the 
request of the American Federation 
of Labor and the American Federa- 
tion of Teachers, provides Federal 
aid in increasing teachers' salaries, 
and absolutely safeguards state and 
local autonomy in school administra- 
tion. 

Tho teachers in the American 
Federation of Teachers, with their 
specialized training and experience, 
affiliated with and backed by the 


labor movement, the most powerful 
and progressive democratic force in 
our national life and the force most 
vitally interested in equality of edu- 
cational opportunity, are conducting 
a vigorous campaign to make educa- 
tion mean what it should mean in a 
democracy, a campaign that should 
enlist every forward-looking teach- 
er, and secure the support of every 
friend of the schools. 

:o: 

One convenience not wanted. — 
Hotel Clerk. — ‘ 1 With or without 
bath, madam?" 

Boy. — "Aw, mother, get it with- 
out a bath. - "Life." 



IRON FRAME 


WORKSHIRTS 

Insist that the workshirt you buy 
bears the name JUMBO. JESS 
WILLARI) or the famous Brand- 
mark IRON FRAME. 

Staunch materials, generously 
cut, assure long service and com- 
fort — : and Tooke Worksliirts stand 
the rub and scrub. 

At All Good Dealers. 

TOOKE BROS, LIMITED 

Shirts, Collars and Neckwear 

Montreal Winnipeg 

Toronto Vancouver 



June 19th, 1920 


THE CANADIAN RAILROADER 


Page 9 


CHEVROLET 


Prize Winners 


'T'HE high reputation enjoyed by the Che- 
vrolet has been won by its good record. 
More people buy Chevrolet “Four-Ninety” 
today because the many thousands now in use 
are giving such good service. 

* 

For maximum speed and efficiency at mini- 
mum cost, the Chevrolet is the best buy on the 
Canadian market. 

See the Chevrolet line at the nearest dealer’s 
show rooms. 

CHEVROLET MOTOR CO. OF CANADA 

LIMITED 

OSH AW A, Ont. 


* 






Juno 19th, 1920 


THE CANADIAN RAILROADER 


Page 17 


THE LETTER CARRIERS’ 
QUESTION 

( Ottawa Citizen . ) 

Mr. Rowell ’s statement in the House 
last Friday, with regard to the unrest 
in the postal service, solves nothing. 
The letter carriers have reached the 
point where they are considering strike 
action. But if they go on strike, Mr. 
Rowell says, “that will be treated as 
their resignation. Their places will 
be filled and they will not be rein 
stated. ’ ’ 

Union government may believe that 
Mr. Rowell has discovered an exceed- 
ingly simple method of dealing with 
unrest among workpeople on limited 
incomes. But even the most power- 
ful autocracy is liable eventually to 
pay the reckoning for governing by 
such methods. Postal workers in Win- 
nipeg were turned loose in the com- 
petitive labor market last year by an 
edict similarly inspired. Some are 
doubtless still there, among the re- 
serve of unemployed, or casually em- 
ployed — the essential reserve for keep- 
ing down wages, which the govern- 
ment will draw upon when the letter 
carriers are thrown out in Toronto. 

Labor in Canada has been, up till 
recently, anything but radical: satis- 
fied to elect parliament without one 
representative wage-earner in it. But 
the present government is certainly 
doing more than almost any private 
employer to cause the pendulum of 
labor opinion to swing over to the ex- 
treme left. Just as surely as the 
actions of autocracy drove recruits 
into the democratic forces in the war, 
Union government is among the most 
potent recruiting factors for radical- 
ism among the wage-earners in Can- 
ada. After the policy of torpedoing 
the letter carriers ’ association in To- 
ronto, as threatened by Mr. Rowell, is 
put into operation, does the govern- 
ment really believe it will have settled 
anything? 

The Citizen would urge the letter 
carriers not to take any precipitate 
strike action, as the government would 
immediately proceed to organize a 
campaign of “public information ’ ’ 
against them. There are more effec- 
tual methods of securing justice than 
by striking. The letter carriers’ ques- 
tion is the whole Canadian people’s 
question, and united national action is 
necessary to drive the reactionaries 
out of their trenches on Parliament 
Hill. 

DRIFTING INTO CHAOS? 


Tuesday last, Sir Henry Wilson said: 
“I hope you men will keep fit and 
ready for the time is coming... Ex- 
cept in August, 1914, our country ami 
Empire has never needed you more... 
We are living in ticklish and danger- 
ous times, and our command on land, 
sea, and in the air is being challenged 
in various parts of the world... I hope 
you will carry this — warning, if you 
like — away with you from a very old 
soldier who knows what he is talking 
about.’’ Even after this, however, 
we doubt whether the general reader 
can be persuaded to realize- what is 
actually going on in the world. With 
his eyes shut he is drifting into an 
era of wars, the end of which may 
very well be — in all probability will 
be — the end of European civilization. 
It is useless, we are afraid, to warn 
the nation : most of its leaders are 
mad from one cause or another; and 
the amount of “Tree intelligence” 
upon which to count for the propa- 
ganda of the “saving idea” is alto- 
gether too small to be effective in 
the time at our disposal. The respons- 
ibility of those who foresee the 
‘ 1 smash ’ ’ and have even a glimmering 
of the means of avoiding it is tremend- 
ous. 


MOVIE MAXIMS 


T HE following suggestions for 
notices to be put on the screen 
at motion picture theatres are offer- 
ed free of charge to theatre manag- 
ers who may wish to try to protect 
the majority of their patrons from 
a minority of disturbers. Notices of 
the kind are particularly needed in 
what- are known as the “better 
class” theatres in Montreal, where 
the conduce of seat holders might 
have been expected to furnish some 
example* — 

Do Your Gossiping Outsid> 

It’s Cheaper, 

And Nobody Here War.tr To List- 
en To It, Anyway. 


Gentlemen Do Not Spit On The 
Floor; Others Must Not. 


Do Not Read The Lines Aloud; 
Other People Can Read, Too. 


{The New Age, London.) 

No doubt we have been suspected of 
alarm ism for our efforts to call at- 
tention to the fact that our civiliza- 
tion is on fire. It is distressing, in 
fact, to be serious English publicists 
in these days, for if we write of the 
situation as it really is, we are ac- 
cused of exagga ration, while if we 
should not, we have no reason for 
struggling to continue in existence. 
The opinion of Field Marshal Sir 
Henry Wilson, chief of the Imperial 
general staff, and a man of as much 
intelligence as military distinction, 
may, however, be cited in our defence 
Addressing the troops of the three 
services at the Union Jack Club on 


Another Extortion of The Hign Cost 
of Living — Thirty Cents To Hear 
The Woman In The Next 
Seat Cackling. 


Do Not Tell Everybody Around What 
Is Coming Next. They Prefer 
To Use Brains. 


If You Look Like a Lady Or a Gen- 
tleman, Don’t Let Your Voice 
And Manners Give The 
Show Away. 

K. C. 


Dominion Bridge Company Limited 

ENGINEERS, MANUFACTURERS 
AND ERECTORS OF 

STEEL STRUCTURES 


MONTREAL, P. Q. 

Branches: Toronto, Ottawa and Winnipeg. 


CONSOLIDATED ASBESTOS, LIMITED 

MINERS OF ALL GRADES OF ASBESTOS 

Mines at Thetford Mines, Que., 
and Robertsonville, Que. 

Executive Offices 

Dominion Express Building, St. James Street, 
MONTREAL, Que. 



MONTREAL, Que. 

Wrought Pipe Black and Galvanized, Nipples, Couplings, Bolts, 
Nuts, Rivets 

BAR IRON AND STEEL 

Wire Nails, Fence Staples, Wire of all kinds — Wood Screws 


Works: LACHINE CANAL 


Hudon, Hebert & 

Co. 

Limited 


WHOLESALE GROCERS and 


MERCHANTS 


18 DeBresoles Street, - - - MONTREAL, Canada 


FRANK A. PURDY, Sales Representative. 

S. P. HARRIMAN, Ass ’t.-Treas. and Manager. 

Vapor Car Heating Co. of Canada Limited 

— STEAM HEAT SYSTEMS FOR — 

ALL TYPES OF PASSENGER CARS 

61 Dalhousie Street - MONTREAL. 

Railway Exchange CHICAGO. 

30 Church Street, NEW YORK. 


Taylor & Arnold Engineering Co. 

LIMITED 

Manufacturers of 

Railway, Marine and 
Brass Specialties 

MONTREAL WINNIPEG 


THE CANADIAN RAILROADER 


June 19th, 1920 


Page 18 


(Emtaiitan SailroaJipr 

WEEKLY 

The Official Organ of the Fifth Sunday Meeting 
Association of Canada , * 

Organized Sept. 1916 

Incorporated under Dominion Letters Patent. 

April, 1919. 

J. A. Woodward, President C. P. R. Conductor 

J. N. Potvin, Vice-President C. P. R. Train Dispatcher 

W. E. Berry, Sec.-Trcasurer G. T. R. Conductor 

Executive Committee. 

S. Dale, C. P. R. Engineer; D. Trindall, G. T. R. Locomotive En- 
gineer; John Hogan, C. P. R. Assistant Roadmaster; Archie Du- 
f au It, C. P. R. Conductor; E. McGilly, C. P. R, Locomotive Fire- 
man; W. T. Davis, General Yard Master; W. Earley, C. P. R. 
Locomotive Engineer; M. James, C. P. R. Engineer; S. Pugh, 
G. T. R. Conductor; Win. Parsons, C. G. R. Agent. 

Issued in the interest of Locomotive Engineers, Railroad Con- 
ductors, Locomotive Firemen, Railroad Trainmen (Switchmen), 
Maintenance of Way Men, Railroad Telegraphers and employees 
in all branches of the service. 

Membership open to all who toil by Hand or Brain. 


yearly subscription: $2.00 Single copies ... 5 cents 



PUBLISHED WEEKLY BY 


THE CANADIAN RAILROADER LIMITED 

316 Lagauchetiere St. W., Corner B eaver Hall Hill, Montreal. 

Telephone: MAIN 6222 

GEO. PIERCE, Editor. KENNEDY CRONE, Associate Editor. 


Sty? Unite GJbilii 


T ILE statement made by Chief of Police Belanger of Mont- 
real at a small conference of social workers held in the 
Juvenile Court recently, that there was no institution in 
Montreal where a child found on the streets can be placed at 
short notice, is one that should arrest attention of every thinking 
citizen, especially when this was amplified by ‘ the fact 
that on a recent occasion a young child had been kept at the 
police station for a week in default of any other shelter. It was 
most undesirable, added the Chief, that ‘a child should be in a 
centre where drunks and disreputable women were brought 
in nightly. Purely that is a condition of affairs that a city 
which is famed for its institutions should seek to remedy with- 
out delay. One recalls an orphanage in the East End of Lon- 
don, England, where the inscription over the portals was: “No 
destitute child ever refused admission.” 

Some years ago a legacy came unexpectedly to the City of 
Montreal from old France, and with the proceeds of that money, 
the Meurling Refuge was established for the flotsam and jetsam 
of adult humanity: but in the light of this fact about the lack 
of such provision for children, most people will surely be of 
opinion that at least one floor of that building should be re- 
served for the child who may be found wandering on the 
streets or who may be taken in with drunken or immoral per- 
sons. 

The general object of that conference referred to was to 
devise some means of compelling deserting fathers or mothers to 
look after their children. Out of the discussion there arose two 
practical suggestions, one of which was that the Provincial Gov- 
ernment should be asked to defray the expenses of bringing de- 
serting parents back to their home, and, second, that as most 
of these cases arise out of unhappy marital relations, a Dom- 
estic Relations Court should be established as an extension of 
the Juvenile Court, The need, often felt, that prisoners who 
have been convicted on account of desertion or neglect or fail- 


ure to support, should be allowed to receive pay for work, such 
pay to be assigned to wife and dependents, was again men- 
tioned, but met by the old statement that organized labor has 
pitted itself against this proposal. 

The Society for the Protection of Women and Children, 
under whose auspices this conference was convened, finds that 
these desertion cases are seriously on the increase and that it 
is a difficult matter to procure suitable homes for children 
thrown upon its hands, particularly if they are physically or 
mentally defective. The experience of the society more and 
more indicates the need for placing the welfare of children un- 
der a provincial organization, as in Ontario and other prov- 
inces, which shall be officially recognized and subsidized by the 
province. If the province is responsible for educational mat- 
ters, it should surely be responsible for the primary needs — 
food, clothing and shelter — of the child. • 

John Kidman. 


Heautiful Kattaaa 


T HE governor of Kansas is the hero of all American reaction- 
aries at the present time because of his stand for anti-strik • 
law, the “Kansas plan”, for soothing industrial unrest. 
Kansas already has quite a reputation for social laws directed 
more or less towards the millenium, and has had a lot of free 
advertising out of them. But there'is reason to suspect that a lot 
of Kansas laws are like the book of health laws of the city of 
Chicago which I came across ten years or more ago. It was a 
finely-bound and finely-printed book, and the laws in it were 
numerous and searching, evidently the work of keen and sym 
pathetic students of public health. I carried the book around for 
about two years, extolling its virtues, till I met an expert social 
worker from Chicago, who agreed that the laws were fine — if 
only Chicago would attempt to live up to them ! 

This governor of Kansas who is now in the limelight operated 
by the reactionaries, who profess to see in him some saviour of 
mankind, is also governor of the state in which a mob of one 
thousand persons recently stormed a jail, dragged out a negro 
‘suspected” of a crime, and lynched him in the public streets to 
the accompaniment of cheers. 

K. C. 


iFaulpmts at % Qkmurnttnn 


{By ROY CARMICHAEL) 


HOSE who expected to see hobnailed boots of the old-fashioned kind at 
X the opening of the American Federation of Labor Convention, and who 
felt the renting of a dance hall to the delegates was a risky affair must have 
been shocked out of their class consciousness when they came in contact with 
the vast army of trades unionists who nightly fill the great rotunda of the 
Windsor Hotel, and who, wearing their badges as identification marks, roam 
St. Catherine street inspecting with appreciative eyes the displays of our 
department stores. After an experience of twenty years as a reporter at- 
tending all kinds of conventions I can safely say that the American Federa- 
tion of Laboi takes a back seat to none of them when it comes a matter of 
good taste in personal attire. 

Look for Secretary Frank Morrison at night and what do you see? A 
prosperous middle-aged gentleman intelligent of face, authoritative of mien, 
and wearing ye gods — a tuxedo! I am assured by a tailor friend that 
the clothes worn by most of the delegates are “snappy, up-to-the-minute 
garments and not by any means the indiscriminate' product of the bargain 
counter. The Panama hats of some of the delegates aroused the envy of 
their local brethren, to say nothing of the scribes, and St. Catherine street 
can supply nothing classier in footwear than the conference can show. 

All this is exactly as it should bo. Labor is no longer the brow-beaten 
under dog. It is enjoying as it should do a fairer share of those things that 
make for dignity and self assurance, and it realizes to the fuU that a man is 
never more truly master of himself than when he is conscious of being as well 
dressed as the average. To have attained the stage of being inconspicuously 
attired, so that no Sherlock Holmes can toll one’s occupation by one’s garb, is 
to have stepped into a new brotherhood — the brotherhood of self-respecting 
citizens. 


June 19th, 1920 


THE CANADIAN RAILROADER 


Page 19 


Can Life be Decently 
Maintained 


(Social Welfare, Toronto). 

W HEN 64 per cent, of the women 
employees in one typical wo- 
men’s industry in Toronto receive 
less than $10.00 a week? 

When 10 per cent, of the women 
employees in another receive $10.00 
or less per week? 

When 26.9 per cent, in another re- 
ceive $12.00 or less? 

When 11.32 per cent, in another 
receive $6.00 or less? 

When 22.64 per cent, in the same 
industry receive $7.00 or less? 

When 36.80 per cent, in this same 
industry receive $8.00 or less? 

And when, in yet another indus- 
try, in which women have always 
been employed, 4 4 14.8 per cent, re- 
ceive $6.00 per week or lower, and 
64.8 per cent, receive $10.00 or low- 
er? 

And this in the Province of On- 
tario, in the year of our Lord 1920, 
when investigations which have 
been carried on in various industrial 
centres in the province for this pur- 
pose prove absolutely that the very 
lowest price at which a working girl 
can obtain even very ordinary 
4 4 board and lodging” is $8.00 per 
week. Clothing, recreation, medi- 
cal needs, out-of-work or illness al- 
lowances, personal incidentals — 
none of these are included. At the 
minimum they can scarcely be plac- 
ed at less than $6.00 per week, ad- 
ditional. For decent human susten- 
ance, without any provision for sav- 
ings or emergencies, a girl must earn 
$14.00 per week, at least. Yet our 
investigation, as herein quoted, shows 
that 94 per cent, of the girls in one 
of the best paid industries receive 
less than $20.00 per week, while the 
above quotations comprise records 
of women workers’ wages in possi- 
bly the four most representative wo- 
men’s industries. 

Can a girl live decently on this in- 
come! She cannot, without detriment 
to her health from under nourish- 
ment or unfit housing conditions. 
She cannot, and be fre6 from the 
constant agonizing worry of inabi- 
lity to provide for the 4 4 rainy day 9 9 , 
which is bound to come, sooner or 
later. She cannot, and know any 
hours of relaxation and pleasure 
when the hours of toil are done, for 
in the modern social order, even the 
simplest of amusements has become 
commercialized, while the congested 
community life of our industrial cen- 
tres means that even a stroll, a pic- 
nic, a swim requires the expense of 
transportation which, on $6.00, $8.00 
or $10.00 a week, may create a real 
problem. It is only natural that 1 
the girl welcomes as a delivering St. 
George any person who can provide 
company, pleasure, relief from the 
constantly clutching fingers of de- 
mands for her modest supplies. And j 
the same fact explains her almost 
hectic response to a little excitement, ; 
the flippancy of her attitude, the I 


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Where QUALITY and SERVICE count our 
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THE CITY ICE COMPANY, LIMITED 

280 ST. JAMES STREET 

Tel.: Main 8605 


West Branch 

153 HILLSIDE AVENUE 
Tel.: Main 3780 


North Branch 

25 BELLECHASSE STREET 
Tel.: Calumet 1335 


Crosby Molasses Company 


LIMITED 


Direct Importers of 

MOLASSES 

ST. JOHN, N.B. 


Canadian Pneumatic Tool Co., Limited 

Pneumatic Tools, Compressors, Hoists, 
Electric Drills, Etc. 


25-27 St. Antoine Street 


MONTREAL 



L 




LIMITED 


DOMINION EXPRESS 
BUILDING 

MONTREAL 


Tanners and Manufacturers of 
Leather Belting for 43 Years 
MONTREAL, Que. TORONTO, Ont. 

511 William St. 38 Wellington St. East 

WINNIPEG, Man. ST. JOHN, N.B. 

Princess Street and Bannatyne Ave. 149 Prince William Street 

VANCOUVER, B.C. 

560 Beatty Street 


Sir Auckland Geddes, Brit- 
ish ambassador to the United 
States, while giving a warn- 
ing that “civilization is in 
danger”, said: 

“In Europe we know that 
an age is dying. A realiza- 
tion of the aimlessness of life 
lived to labor and to die, hav- 
ing achieved nothing but 
avoidance of starvation and 
the birth of children also 
doomed to the weary tread- 
mill, has seized the minds of 
millions.” 



apparent shallowness of her consi- 
deration for anything but a little en- 
joyment — and, more disastrous, the 
gradual development of these as 
permanent traits. Without lengthy 
correlations and connections, it is 
evident that the underplayment of 
wage-earning women explains in 
some measure not only many of our 
4 4 young people’s problems”, but 
winds an unerring coil into the 
heart of many family problems — into 
the centre of family desertion cases, 
broken homes, juvenile court records 
— and into much of our public health 
work. Employment conditions and 
life engender in the girl simply the 
desire, the vow to escape them, to 
assume any obligation, to accept any 
alternative as their escape — and to 
many marriage offers the readiest 
avenue. Without home-keeping train- 
ing, without a sense of responsibili- 
ty, without any idea of giving as 
well as taking, without the mental 
and spiritual equipment to create any 
atmosphere of home, the girl rushes 
in relief from a life of toil too often 
to a life of toil and despair, not 
only for herself but others, and a 
second generation runs again the re- 
cords of its parents. 

The question of underpayment of 
any worker is a question of justice, 
surely, as much as it is economic. 
The underpayment of the woman 
worker, unprotected by organiza- 
tion, more open to exploitation by 
reason of her limitations, untrained 
in the traditions and 4 4 ways” of 
gaining her own by reason of the 
transitory nature of her place in the 
employment strata— surely this be- 
come seven more than a question of 
justice ,even one of the applications 
of the principles of morality to our 
business relations. 

The Social Service Council of On- 
tario has petitioned and interviewed 
the Provincial Government request- 
ing the introduction of a Minimum 
Wage Bill for Women Workers, this 
session. To this request consent has 
been given. British Columbia, Alber- 
ta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, and 
Quebec have all enacted such laws. 
It becomes the duty of every citi- 
zen of Ontario to instruct his or her 
representative in the Ontario 
House, that their voice and vote 
shall be given in support of this 
bill when it is offered. 


-:o:- 


Page 20 


* 


THE CANADIAN RAILROADER 


June 19th, 1920 


This Paris Employer 
Realizes Social Duties 
to His Employees 


(From Our Own Correspondent) 

Paris, June 3. j 

. The oft repeated statement that 
tlie workman who lias risen from ( 
the ranks of labor to a place in the 
hierarchy of the capitalists, is more 
inclined to grind down his employ- 
ees than is the capitalist born and 
bred, finds refutation at the present 
moment in Paris in the person of 
Mr. d. Louaisil, one of the biggest 
manufacturing furriers in France. 
Furriers throughout Canada and the 
United States know this great ma- 
nufacturer well. Possibly they do 
not know that while he employs some 
twelve hundred members of the Fur, 
Workers’ Union in his two big: 
plants, he was at one time a mem- 
ber of the union himself. 

The other day, he, of all the mem- 
bers of the Association of French Fur- 
riers, dared to forsake, t lie stand cd 
his fellow manufacturers and to 
grant without reservation all the de- 
mands made by the Fur Workers' 
Union. While the other furriers 
were debating a possible compro- 
mise Mr. Louaisil granted the last 
sou. He did not take to himself any 
credit for his action. He is merely 
impatient of the others’ delay. His 
attitude on the question appears to 
be something like this. ‘ ‘ A working- 
man myself, I know that the work- 
ingman is demanding no more than 
he needs and earns. It is only .just 
that he should have it. Why quibble 
about it?" 


The opening of a nursery under the 
charge of an experienced trained 
nurse, who will care for the babies 
while the mothers are at work, is 
part of Mr. Louaisil’s plan that is 
shortly to become an accomplished 
fact. Mothers who nurse their chil- 
dren will be permitted to spend three 
half-hour periods in the nursery 
each day without Joss of pay; and 
food and medical attention will b? 
provided for them without charge. 

This system for the welfare of the 
young has been adopted by the fur 
manufacturer from the pattern set 
by the big department stores in Pa- 
ris. The life of the child is a mat- 
ter of such enormous importance to 
a country which, on the top of a de- 
clining birth-rate, has been denuded 
of its finest manhood; that not only 
the State, but every private agency 
and industry, has set itself to the 
task of saving babies for France. 
France’s industrial system has long 
demanded that the wife of the fam- 
ily be a breadwinner as well as the 
husband. It is thus possible for the 
shops and factories to obtain the 
charge in the daytime of the infant 
children: The result to the children 
lias been astoundingly beneficial. The 
Galeries Lafayette, one of Paris’s 
huge department stores employing 
five thousand persons, has a record 
of having lost only two babies among 
the hundreds who have passed 
tli rough its nurseries since their es- 
tablishment about seven years ago. 
Children remain in the nurseries un- 
til they are old enough to be sent to 
school. Mothers waving children 
thus cared for are permitted to 
lea^v e their work half an hour before 
closing time so that they may get the 
youngsters ready for their journey 
home. 


Xor does Mr. Louaisil ’s interest in 
his employees storp with the increase 
of their wages. The extensive social 
welfare work projected and in ope- 
ration by the firm of Louaisil and 
Company', 4(5 Rue des Jeuneurs, Pa- 
ris. has attracted widespread atten- 
tion in France, even though an ad- 
vanced stage of development in so- 
cial work lias been reached in that 
democracy. Mr. Louaisil has very 
decided ideas on the subject of an 
employer’s responsibility, under pre- 
sent social conditions, for the wel- 
fare of his employees . 

There are, for instance, many mar- 
ried women in his employ, for in 
France the majority of the wonren 
as well as the men work Outside the 
homes. To every woman about to 
bear a child, two months’ leave is 
granted with full pay; that is, a 
month before and a month after the 
birth of the child. The company is 
about to open a medical department 
largely for the benefit of mothers 
and young children. The doctor to be 
installed by the company will be at 
the service of the employees with- 
out charge to them. But Mr. Louai- 
sil is opposed to forcing assistance 
upon his workers. "No employee 
will be forced to consult our doctor," 
he says; “if he has more faith in his 
own physician we shall certainly not 
interfere. 9 ’ 


Louaisil, the furrier, is adopting 
just such a programme. It remains 
to be seen whether he will go as far \ 
as the Bon Marche, another of the 1 
big department stores, and permit J 
a mother who nurses her child to re- 
main at home, if she prefers, for ten 
months after the birth of the infant, 
receiving all that time a special pen- 
sion of 120 francs a month. 

For the benefit of his employees, ! 
Mr. Louaisil ljas opened a restaurant j 
where a midday meal is served for j 
the sum of one franc fifty. Jn such ! 
days as these, when it is only by 
careful perusal of a menu that even 
a five franc luncheon can be secur- 
ed at the cheapest of Paris’s restau- 
rants, such a measure is a benefit 
indeed. The luncheon served con 
sists of hors-d’oeuvres, meat, veg- 
etables, dessert and coffee. The food 
is good and there is plenty of it. 
There Is no stinting of butter, (and 
many a workman’s family sees very 
little of butter today with the price 
at nine francs the pound) and frozen 
meat is not permitted. Such service 
costs money but Mr. Louaisil ex - 1 
plains that the expense is reduced to 
a minimum advantageous buying. 
Many of the food products required 
in the Paris restaurant are brought 
from Vitry in Brittany where the 
company operates a second factory 
and a second restaurant. No employee 


the company’s restaurant. A prop- 
ortion are able to go home for the 
meal. A few prefer near-by restau- 
rants, but the great majority are on- 
ly too pleased to take advantage of 
the opportunity offered to them. At 
Vitry, where the company employs 
over seven hundred persons, the 
midday meal is served for a franc. 
And because Breton families are 
large, Mr. Lauoisil is going to put a 
new plan into operation at Vitry. 
The company will open a family res 
taurant where not only the employees 
themselves but also their families 
can be served at reduced prices. The 
proposed scale is one franc fifty for 
the man, one franc for his wife and 
fifty centimes for his child. 

Almost needless to say, each 
youngster will eat more than five 
cents worth, which is what fifty 
centimes represents in Canadian mo- 
ney at the present rate of exchange, 
but the conviction, that prevails 
throughout all classes, in France, that 
child life must be preserved at all 
costs, is animating Mr. Louaisil. 

A system of co-operative buying 
also prevails for the benefit of em- 
ployees of the firm. Orders of all 
kinds are booked at the office, and 
as soon as the amount, say, of break 
fast chocolate, is large enough to 
run into wholesale quantities, an or- 
der is placed for fifty or a hundred 
pounds, as the case may be, and the ; 
article is thereupon distributed to < 
the purchasers by the company, the 
latter making nothing on the trans- 
action. In Vitry the scheme has 
been developed to a still greater ex- 
tent. A plan has been devised by 
which employees are given a card t 
which enables them to purchase, for 1 
instance, meat from a certain butch- 
er on the company’s account. In this 
way Louaisil and Company become 
very important customers, and pro 
duce firms are more than glad to 
make large concessions to capture 
the trade of such a purchaser. 


Is Laborer’s First Line of Defence 


No fraternal or benefit organiza- 
tion has ever aided the worker to 
secure a reduction in his hours of la- 
bor or an increase in his rate of wag- 
es, or improvement in his industrial 
environments. That work is the ex- 
clusive role of the trade union. 
Wherever you find a reduction in the 
is forced to purchase -his luncheon in 
hours of labor, the trade union is be- 
hind it, wherever there is an increase 
in the wage rate, the same potent in- 
fluence Lt as work; wherever the 
worker has improved his condition, 
in 999 out of every 1,000 cases you 
can safely place it to the credit of a 
labor organization. Fraternal socie- 
ties and religious institutions may 
have a work to perform but the 
hope of labor lies in the trade union 
movement alone. 

The hostility of many employers 
to members of trade organizations 
rests solely on the ground Hiat union 
workmen demand what they consider 
just wages, while the average non- 
union employee takes what he can 
get. The one gets his rights through 
organization, the other suffers 
through the weakness of individual 
effort, and the weakness of the lat- 
ter is the unjust employer’s opportu- 
nity. 

:o: 

There were some politicians, 

As 1 have heard them say, 

Who all went a-hunting 
Upon a winter’s day. 

And all the day they hunted. 

But nothing could they find, 
Except a bloated profiteer, 

And him they left behind. 

One said, “A profiteer?" 

Another, he said, ‘‘Yea!" 

T ’others said, “Let’s cook his 
goose — 

Upon a future day!" 


The paternalism of Henry Ford is 
the last thing which Mr. Louaisil 
wishes to imitate. His sympathies 
are absolutely with labor; he lias 
proved it again and again. TTis posi- 
tion is a difficult one and more than 
once he has been at odds with his 
fellow fur manufacturers. But they 
admire Louaisil; they are a bit proud 
of him too. They criticize him, of 
course. His refusal to join their de- 
liberations towards compromise the i 
other day, and his immediate conces 
sion to the demands of the fur work-j 
ers, found no favor with them. But 
nevertheless they are all his friends, 
and to the outside world they are 
fond of pointing him out as a capi- 
talist who rose from the ranks. 


And all the night they hunted, 
But nothing could they find 
Except some homeless heroes 
A shivering in the wind. 

One said, “This grieves us 
sore! ’ ’ 

“Let’s stop and build," said 

the^, 

“Houses fit for heroes — 
Upon another day!" 

And all the day they hunted. 

And nothing could they find 
But a corner in some food stuffs, 

. And that they left behind. 

One said, “It is a Trust!" 

Another, he said, “Yea!" 

T ’others said, “Let’s crush it 
flat— 


Bernies. 


Upon another day!" 


STEEN Bros., Limited 

Manufacturers of 

Cracked Corn and Kiln-Dried Meal Mashed Oats and Corn 

FEED OF ALL KINDS 

Mills at St. John and South Devon, N.B. and Yarmouth, N. S. 
Head Office: Celebration Street, - ST. JOHN, N.B. 


June 19th, 1920 


THE CANADIAN RAILROADER 


Page 21 


The Fifth Sunday Meeting Association of Canada 


Its Only Aim Is The Welfare of The Masses. 


The people of a nation cannot advance beyond the men who make its 
laws, and the Fifth Sunday Meeting Association of Canada exists to see 
to it that the workers by hand and brain are directly represented in the 
law-making bodies of the Dominion ; to find, train and elect the right meD 
o f our own class in order to secure the kind of legislation that will proted 
and advance the interests of the workers. 

It will wage warfare on plutocracy, despotism, economic privileges 
and upon all the evil forces which burden the people and rob them of that 
happiness of living which is their fundamental right. 

It is a non-partisan educational and political association, and because 
of the manner in which it is organized can never become the instrument 
or plaything of a small group of any class, particularly of wealthy meD 
The aim is the attainment of true democracy. 

WE PLEDGE OURSELVES:— 

To support all municipal, provincial and federal educational plan? 
where the evident purpose is to raise the standard of education in en 
lightened and progressive ways; to present truthfully and fearlessly 
through the medium of Fifth Sunday Meetings and our own press, th* 
Canadian Railroader 1 \ the latest and most important political, social and 
industrial developments; 

lo advocate the abolition of property qualifications for the franchise 
or for election to public office; the adoption of the Initiative, Referendum 
and Recall, and of proportional representation in all forms of public 
government ; universal suffrage for both sexes, on the basis of one person 
one vote; the transfer of taxes from improvements, and all products oi 
labor, to land values, incomes and inheritances; 

To advocate prison reform, including introduction of the honor an- 
segregation systems, and abolition of contract labor; the enactment hqt' 
rigid enforcement of child labor laws; pensions for mothers with depended' 
children; regulation of immigration tc prevent lowering of industrial, poll 
tical or social standards; development of the postal savings and parcel pos 
systems; financial and other assistance to farmers through co operativ 
cunks and by other means; government development of co-operative pro 
dueing and trading associations for the benefit of the consumer; 

To advocate extension of workmen’s housing schemes and the labo* i 
bureau system; provision of technical education for every willing worker 
according to his capacities; more effective inspection of buildings, factories 
workshops and mines; minimum wages; a rest period of not less than a da; 
and a half per week for every worker; government insurance of worker?- 
against sickness, injury and death; maternity benefits and old-age pensions: 
better Workmen’s Compensation Acts; representation of the workers on al 
public boards and on boards for me supervision of private enterprises: I 
union labor conditions in all government work; adequate pensions and op I 
xiortunities for soldiers and their dependents; 

To advocate freedom of speech and of the press, and a law compelling 1 
all newspapers and periodicals to publish in all issues a complete list of 
shareholders and bondholders. 

“The Fifth Sunday Meeting Association of Canada” is financed eu 
tirely by its members who contribute $2 a year in membership fees. If a 
local has been established in your city $1 remains in the local treasury amt 
the other dollar is sent bv the local organization to our Dominion Head 
quarters, 60 Dandurand Building, Montreal, Quo. In ca.se no local has heei 
established in your community, send the membership fee of $2 directly to 
Dominion Headquarters. 

The funds accumulating in the Dominion Headquarters are used fo» 
political and educational propaganda; the development of the organization: 
the preparation of pamphlets and leaflets and the financing of the various 
political campaigns where favorable opportunities develop, to elect out 
candidates. The treasurer is under bond and the books are audited by a 
firm of accountants. 

An application blank will be found below Merely fill out the applica 
tion blank, buy a postal order for $2 and send’ it to Dominion Headquarters 
Your niembership card will be forwarded by return mail. Join this grear 
organization in the interests of education and clean politics. Today is tlu 
day and this is the hour. Become a member now. 


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APPLICATION FOR MEMBERSHIP 

To the Secretary, + 

The Fifth Sunday Meeting Association of Canada. ♦ 

General Headquarters, 316 Lagauchetiere Street West, « 

corner of Beaver Hall Hill, MONTREAL, Que. ♦ 

I hereby make application for membership in “The Fifth Sunday 4 
Meeting Association of Canada.” I subscribe and agree to pay, « 
while a member, the yearly fee of $2.00 in advance. 

Name ? 

n 

Amount paid $ Address * 


Date City J 

♦ 

Province ’ . . . . 4 

Make all cheques and money orders payable to “ The Fifth 4 
Sunday Meeting Association of Canada . ” « 

Official membership card will be mailed from headquarters , J 
with copy of platform , constitution and general rules. . 4 




ALPHONSE RACINE, Limited 

Manufacturers and Wholesale 
Distributors of 

Dry Goods 

60 - 98 ST. PAUL STREET WEST 
MONTREAL, Canada. 

Manufacture the following Standard Lines 
( Registered ) 

“Racine” Working Shirts 
“Strand” Fine Shirts 
“Life Saver” Overalls 
“Samson” Pants 
“Record” Sox 


3 Factories — 11 Permanent Sales Offices 
Montreal Warehouse, 14 Specialty 
Departments. 


EVERYTHING IN DRY GOODS 


BANK OF HAMILTON 

HEAD OFFICE: HAMILTON. 
Established 1872. 

Capital Paid Up $4,000,000. 

Reserve Fund $4,200,000. 


BOARD OF DIRECTORS 
Sir John Hendrie, K.C.M.G., C.V.O., President 
Cyrus A. Birge, Vice-President 
C. C. Dalton, Robt. Hobson, W. E. Phin, 

I. Pitblado, K.C., J. Turnbull, W. A. Wood. 


SAVINGS DEPARTMENT 
AT ALL OFFICES 


Deposits of $1 and Upwards received. 


Correspondence solicited. — J. P. BPILL, General Manager. 


THE CANADIAN RAILROADER 


June 19th, 1920 


Page 22 


Government by Injunction 

(By JACKSON H. RALSTON, in the Cornell Law Quarterly.) 


JacTcson E. Balston , who writes the 
following article on “Government "by 
Injunction” from a legal standpoint, 
is of the Washington, T>. C., bar. Ee 
is author of “International Arbitral 
Law and Procedure , " and was umpire 
of the Italian-Venezuelan Claims Com- 
mission of 1903 : 

For about twenty years much has 
been said in public print and discus- 
sion about government by injunc- 
tion. Trade unions have denounced 
it, others have accepted their posi- 
tion, and yet it is doubtful whether 
today a clear conception of what is 
meant by the term exists ih the 
public mind, nor is there general 
knowledge of the evils attendant 
upon the thing itself. The writer 
hopes that this brief review of the 
subject may serve to incite others 
to give it more detailed considera- 
tion. 

The feeling has existed during all 
the period of discussion that by gra- 
dual process the ordinary functions 
of government, exercised by those 
who are directly responsible to the 
people who selected them, or usually 
administered according to the com- 
mon sense of the community as re- 
presented by the cpnclusions of a 
jury, were being subverted, while 
the powers of the judiciary were 
correspondingly growing and ex- 
panding. 

It has seemed to the trade union- 
ists that it was the design of our 
institutions that all crime and charg- 
es of crime, whether murder, trea- 
son, assault and battery, contempt 
of court or what else, should be tried 
by jury. In so far as jury trial was 
denied and offences were created 
to be dealt with directly by the court 
without grand or petty jury, a new 
form of government was called into 
existence and the old form supplant- 
ed to the prejudice of the accused. 

Particularly in the class of of- 
fences which have been created by 
recent judicial extensions of law, it 
has been unfortunate that the ; ccus- 
ed should be deprived of trial by 
jury, with the rules attendant upon 
it. Under what we shall explain to 
bo government by injunction the 
presumption of innocence, signify- 
ing so much before a jury, has 
meant little, and the old principle 
of the common law that guilt should 
be determined beyond a reasonable 
doubt, and not by a preponderance 
of evidence, has absolutely gone by 
the board. 

Let us give one or two 'practical 
instances. If two men have an en- 
counter, one being assailed by the 
other, under ordinary circumstanc- 
es the assailant is tried by a jury 
and the usual presumption and rules 
of evidence are adhered to. If assault 
occurs exactly under parallel circum- 
stances save that the assailant has 
been enjoined from the use of vio- 
lence, and the issue is tried before 
the court as a contempt, a different 
condition arises. If the trial be had I 


before a judge whose temper is ruf- 
fled in the beginning by the alleg- 
ed circumstance that his order has 
been disobeyed, theoretically a pre- 
sumption of innocence may exist, 
practically it is of no value. Again 
the bare preponderance of evidence 
will control, the criminal rule as to 
reasonable doubt being ignored. Be- 
sides, after having been punished 
for contempt of court in this man- 
ner, the assumed guilty party is still 
subject to the ordinary processes of 
criminal law. In the administration 
of the penalty the judge will not 
concede himself bound by any limi- 
tation, save when expressly fixed 
by the statute; and may, and often 
does, inflict a punishment dispropor- 
tionate to the gravity of the offence. 

Sweeping injunctions, often of 
doubtful interpretation, are issued, 
and the care and preservation of pub- 
lic order are assumed by a single 
judge, controlled by no rule save his 
own fancy and unconsciously biased 
by the public opinion of the circle 
in which he moves. The unionist 
fears lest his slightest and most in- 
nocent action may be misunderstood, 
and that, without the protection of a 
jury and under a summary process 
of contempt, he may find himself 
in jail, the use of the funds he has 
collected enjoined, the issuance of 
strike orders prohibited and the en- 
tire operations of the organization 
which he has built up for his pro- 
tection paralyzed. It becomes a 
mockery to him that upon appeal, if 
error has been committed, his rights 
will be restored to him. They may 
not be, and if they are, the opportu- 
nity for their effective exercise has 
so far passed that the correction 


made by the appellate court is of no 
possible value. 

The effect of judicial interference 
with a strike, at least from the point 
of view of the laborer, is well illus- 
trated by the quotation from testi- 
mony given by a striker before the 
United States strike commission and 
quoted by the court in “Re Debs", 
as follows: 

1 < As soon as the employees found 
that we were arrested, and taken 
from the scene of action, they be- 
came demoralized, and that ended the 
strike. It was not the soldiers that 
ended the strike. It was simply the 
United States courts that ended the 
strike. Our men were in a position 
that never would have been shaken, 
under any circumstances, if we had 
been permitted to remain upon the 
field among them. Once we were 
taken from the field of action, and 
restrained from sending telegrams or 
issuing orders or answering ques- 
tions, then the minions of the cor- 
porations would be put to work. Our 
headquarters were temporarily de- 
moralized and abandoned, and we 
could not answer any messages. The 
men went back to work, and the 
ranks were broken and the strike 
was broken up, not by the army, and 
not by any other power, but simply 
and solely by the action of the Unit- 
ed States courts in restraining us 
from discharging our duties as of- 
ficers and representatives of the em- 
ployees. ' ' 

The court inferred from the fact 
that judicial processes had broken 
the strike that the great body of 
those who were engaged in the trans- 
actions prohibited contemplated nei- 
ther rebellion nor revolution, which 
♦vas of course correct. The court 
further inferred, however, that 
“when in the due order of legal 
proceedings the question of right or 
wrong was submitted to the courts 
and by them decided they unhesitat- 


ingly yielded to their decision. ' ' This 
hardly seems to us a just inference. 
They did not yield without hesita- 
tion, such yielding implying abnega- 
tion of one's own opinions. They 
yielded because back of the courts 
they knew' rested physical power su- 
perior to their own, and they know 
that the power would be exercised 
in such way as to deny them, through 
process of contempt, those safe- 
guards which English and American 
judicial experience has shown to be 
necessary for the preservation of in- 
dividual and personal rights. 

The “Debs" case furnished a 
precedent for the quite recent suit 
on behalf of the government against 
the Mine Workers of America, in 
which, on the far fetched sugges- 
tion that the government was not able 
to properly carry on its function of 
operating railroads, and would be ex- 
posed to a monetary deficiency be- 
cause of the miners' strike, the as- 
sociation and its officers were en- 
joined, and by mandatory injunc- 
tion compelled, to cancel the strike 
order and issue an order directing 
the men to return to work. While 
the court, with apparent cheerful- 
ness, granted this injunction, its en- 
forcement proved practically im- 
possible against the passive resist- 
ance of the men, which resistance 
forced a settlement on the part of 
the government. Nevertheless the 
working men of the country felt 
outraged because of this appeal to a 
court of equity in a matter which 
might, and could have been, settled 
without judicial intervention. This 
illustration created anew a feeling 
of resentment against government by 
injunction which will not soon sub- 
side. 

With a strong feeling on the part 
of working men, caused by repeated 
court experiences that, as against 
the judicial arm, the most justifia- 
ble strike was bound to meet with 
defeat, we need not wonder that a 
strenuous agitation broke out and 
continues, having for its purpose the 
doing away with the government by 
injunction. 

The “Debs" case illustrates the 
entire willingness of the government 
to ask courts to substitute contempt 
proceedings for the ordinary process 
of law. Many times private indivi- 
duals, before and after this case, 
had, with success and with constant 
widening of equity jurisdiction, ap- 
pealed to the courts to take action 
beneficial to the employer and dead- 
ly to the most orderly operations of 
trade unions. A notable instance 
of the unhappy result of appeals to 
contempt processes was in the 
“Buck's Stove and Range" case. 
On two occasions this case went to 
the Supreme Court of the United 
States. The history of the succes- 
sive appeals is too long to be given 
in full. It is sufficient for the pre- 
sent purpose to say that for con- 
tempt of court twice Samuel Gom- 
pers* was sentenced to jail to serve 
one year, John Mitchell to serve nine 
months, and Frank Morrison to 
■ serve six months. Upon the first ap- 
i peal reaching the Supreme Court of 


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Dominion Glass Co., Limited MONTREAL 


June 19th, 1920 


THE CANADIAN RAILROADER 



the United States, that body declar- 
ed the proceeding to be so irregular 
as to be void, the court below in an 
action for civil contempt having pro- 
nounced a criminal sentence. The 
Supreme Court, however, reserved 
the right to the trial court to pro- 
secute as for criminal contempt. On 
the second occasion the proceedings 
for criminal contempt were success- 


trol they have exercised for the pun- 
ishment for contempt, making it pos- 
sible to secure a jury trial. Another 
was to take away from them, save 
under conditions of disorder, the 
power of immediate issuance of re- 
straining orders in cases of dis- 


putes between employers and -em : 
ployees, or between persons employ - 
* 11 0 ^ ail( I persons seeking employment, 

fully defeated m the Supreme Court growing out of conditions affecting 
hy the pica of the statute of lrnnta-j terms or conditions of employment 

lons ' I unless necessary to prevent injury 

In these eases the same judge pro- to property or property rights of th ‘. 


nounced the two sentences. That he 
was passionate and prejudiced in his 
actions, is a very mild statement. 
That the sentences pronounced were 
so disproportionately severe as to 
tend to bring about their own re 


complainant for which injury there j 
wast-no adequate remedy of law. Fur- 
thermore, restraining orders and in- 1 
junctions were no. longer allowed to 
prohibit any persons or persons, sin- 
gly or in combination, from striking 

'or 


LOEWS 


THEATRES 


versal can scarcely be questioned, j or recommending, advising, 

The essential fact remains, however, threatening, or peacefully picketing 

or urging others to cease to patron- 1 

to 


that, unjust and harsh as the action ! 

of the court was, if the defendants ! ize or to employ anv party to the! 
had been so situated as to have been dispute, or from with-holding strike 
unable to give bond, they might have benefits, or from peaceably assegib- 
sorved their entire period of confine : ling i n a lawful manner and for law- ! 
ment before the final action of the f u l ,,urposes or from doing any act! 
Supreme Court. - - - - - 8 J I 


or acts which might lawfully be done ; 


14 n .i° ( i ?, 0t bS "' ont,ei ' etl at » there- in the absence of such dispute by 


fore, that the result of the “ Buck's 
Stove and Range* *• case was to in- 
tensify the feeling that the untram- 
melled judicial exercise of the con- 
tempt power was too dangerous to 
be longer permitted. As a result we 
find Congress passing the Clayton 
Act, to which we can only give pass- 
ing attention. 

One of the objects of the Clayton 
Act was to withdraw from the 
courts the absolute power and con- 








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any party thereto', and none of these 
acts under such circumstances were 
to bo considered or held to be viola j 
tive. of any law of the United States. 
The act further prescribed that la- 
bor organizations should nat be held 
or construed to be illegal combina- 
tions or conspiracies in restraint of 
trade under the anti-trust laws. 

Sit would seem that under the 
Clayton Act the doctrine of the case 
of 1 1 Loewe v. Lawlor * * was set aside, 
as none of the actions condemned 
therein exceeded those which are 
now; allowed under the Clayton Act, 
and which may ilot be held to be or 
considered violative of any law of 
the 'United States. 

A large part df the contentions of 
the labor organizations was thus tvon 
when the Clayton Act ‘was passed; 
but labor organizations have not y>et 
been placed upon the same clear lib- 
eral footing assured thenrH.bY the Bri- 
tish Trade Act of 1906, 'which pro- 
vided that “An act done in pursu- 
ance of an agreement or combina- 
tion of two or more persons shall, 
if done in contemplation or further- 
ance of a trade dispute, not be ac- 
tionable unless the act is done with- 
out any such agreement ••or. combina- 
tion would be actionable.'* * 

The effect of the Clayton Act has 
been recognized in a number of cas- 
es in the federal courts and its con- 
stitutionality has never been denied. 

A law similar in effect to the 
Clayton Act is in force inlthe state 
of Arizona. Its constitutionality un- 
der the Federal Constitution was at r 


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It will be borne in mind that the 
Clayton Act applies 'merely to such 
suits as may be brought in the fed- 
sral ^courts. While some of thej 
states have enacted provisions si- ! 
milar 'in tenor to the Clayton Act, in 
| he vast ‘ body of the states of the 
union -acts done in combination are 
ftdld to be illegal in a case of trade 
^disputes where the several discon- 
nected acts of individuals would be 
held innocent. 

This leads us to the observation 
that, while our courts have, time 
and again, held that acts innocent 
to individuals may become cri- 
minal when "done in combiijwbn, no 
court has yet given any logical- rea- 
son for such conclusion. The theo- 
retical basis the action of courts 
^ill -not be ^discovered by reading 
the reports. It has never been for-' 
mulated. The approach to, an explan- 
ation we shall see is in tire use of 
a single word. 

The courts of equity\in reaching 
the ' ‘conclusion they 5 * - entertained as 
to combinations, particularly with 
regard to..labgr cases, seem to have 
iulportedv irito -equity, with exten- 
tacked 'but the lower corrft and f he f sionsj* the principle of conspiracy ac- 
Supreme Court of Arizona -sustained ; fcepted -at common law by the cri- 
it. An appeal was / had to the Su 1 1 miual courts, and in so doing have 


if indulged in by a single indivi- 
dual, the means employed by that 
individual not being in themselves 
unlawful. No fundamental change 
of character occurs when the same 
act is performed by several. 

The courts of equity, when acting 
adversely to the labor organizations, 
have departed from this fundamen- 
tal principle and have never thought 
it wortli while to elaborate the 
theory upon which they have act- 
ed. True they have sometimes said 
that the vice in the action by several 
has been in the combination and the 
vice of the combination in its great- 
er power to inflict real injury. But 
the ability to inflict sufch injury 
may, and often is, greater in the case 
of a single individual than in that 
of a combination, which in point of 
fact may be impotent. Yet the sin- 
' gte individual may do just as he 
sees fit with his property, voice and 
: powder (not breaking any law), his 
action not being condemned by any 
court. 

This is illustrated by the cases of 
Payne vs. Railroad Co., and ITev- 
wood vs. Wilson, wherein single in- 
dividuals, acting within their lawful 
powers, virtually ruined their neigh- 
bors. A different rule of law has 
been repeatedly applied as to com- 
binations among merchants or ma- 
nufacturers from that invoked 
against trade unions. 

The courts have acted very much 
upon the idea of the Earl of Hals- 
bury in the case of Quinn vs Leathern, 
wherein he said: “I entirely deny 
that it (Allen vs Flood, Appeal Cas- 
es 1, 1898) can be quoted for a prop- 
osition that may seem to follow log- 
ically from it. Such a mode of rea- 
soning assumes that the law is neces- 
sarily a logical code, whereas every 
lawyer must acknowledge that the 
law is not always logical at all.** 

This frank comment may account 
for many of the eccentricities in- 
dulged in by the courts in labor cas- 
es and serve in a measure to fur- 
ther explain existing opposition to 
government by injunction. 

:o: — 

Dominion Bridge steel erectors to 
the number of 400 are on strike for 
$1.10 an hour for inside and $1.25 an 
hour for outside men. The strikers 
refused the company’s offer of a 21 
per cent increase which would have 
given inside men 85 cents an hour and 
outside men a dollar an hour. 


An _ J! 

preme Court of the United States 
and the case ha's been submitted at 
the present terip. Should the Su- 
preme .Court reverse the action of 
the Supreme Court of Arizona the in- 
cidental but essential effect of the 
decision would be to declare the 
operative parts of the Clayton Act 
unconstitutional. 


directly, legislated. The old idea of 
conspiracy, so. often eiiun£Lated by 
the courts, is , that . it consists in a 
combination of several.- to, do,. an act 
unlawful . in itself or to- da a lawful 
act by unlawful means. As u rule, 
barring, of course, the employment 
of violence in any way, the act of 
boycotting is not unlawful in itself! 


Father was safe. — “Two men 
gpt into a fight in front of the Jiank 
to-dav,** said a man at the family 
tea-table, “and I tell you it looked 
pretty bad for one of them. The 
bigger one seized a huge stick and 
brandished it. I felt that he was go- 
ing to knock the other’s brains out, 
and I jumped in between them.*’ 
The family had listen with rapt at- 
tention, and as he paused in his nar- 
rative the young heir, whose respect 
for his father *s bravery is immea- 
surable, proudly remarked: 

“He couldn’t knock any brains 
oil t of you, could he, father?** 
“Boston Post.** 

— :o:— — 


Page 24 


THE CANADIAN RAILROADER 


June 19th, 1920 


RAILROAD MAN! 



SHSSlsXSBI 

— ^ ytr vr\ That Bob Long’s father was one of the Pion- 

UO 1 OU FkllOW eer C.P.R. engine drivers to run from King- 
ston, Ont., into the northwest way back in the early eighties? 

Like Father like Son is an old and true saying ( for while Bob don’t just 
work on the “run” any more himself, he makes your UNION 1 

OVERALLS AND SHIRTS. MADE VJlOVCS 

BOB Knows What You Need Boys — He’s 
Been Through the Game 

OVERALLS AND 
SHIRTS 


PLAY SAFE BOB LONG GLOVES 
All Union Made and By the Son of an Old Engine Driver 


A oL V/vnr 0ur number 972 Engineer s Gauntlet 

/\SK IOUI UCdici Our number 957 Fireman ’s Glove 

For These Lines Our number 1959-s Brakeman’s Glove 

No. 972 is made with lock stitch scam. No. 857 a«d No. 

" " 1959-S are made with Samson Seam. 

R. G- LONG & CO., LIMITED, 


Our number 59 Big Blue Overalls 
Our number 4330 Big Plain Blue Railroad Shirt 

DON’T FORGET THE NUMBERS, BOYS. I MADE THEM 
FOR YOU— BOB LONG 


TORONTO